Meitnerium Facts - Mt or Element 109

Meitnerium (Mt) is element 109 on the periodic table. Its one of the few elements that suffered no dispute concerning its discovery or name. Here is a collection of interesting Mt facts, including the elements history, properties, uses, and atomic data. Interesting Meitnerium Element Facts Meitnerium is a solid, radioactive metal at room temperature. Very little is known about its physical and chemical properties, but based on trends in the periodic table, it is believed to behave as a transition metal, like the other actinide elements. Meitnerium is expected to possess properties similar to its lighter homologous element, iridium. It should also share some common properties with cobalt and rhodium.Meitnerium is a man-made element that does not occur in nature. It was first synthesized by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Munzenberg in 1982 at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt. A single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266 was observed from bombardment of a bismuth-209 target with accelerated iron-58 nuclei. Not only did this process create a new element, but it was the first successful demonstration of the use of fusion to synthesize heavy, new atomic nuclei.Placeholder names for the element, before its formal discovery, includ ed eka-iridium and unnilennium (symbol Une). However, most people simply referred to it as element 109. The only name proposed for the discovered element was meitnerium (Mt), in honor of Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, who was one of the discoverers of nuclear fission and the co-discoverer of the element protactinium (together with Otto Hahn). The name was recommended to the IUPAC in 1994 and formally adopted in 1997. Meitnerium and curium are the only elements named for non-mythological women (although Curium is named in honor of both Pierre and Marie Curie). Meitnerium Atomic Data Symbol: Mt Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Mass: [278] Group: d-block of Group 9 (Transition Metals) Period: Period 7 (Actinides) Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f146d77s2   Melting Point: unknown Boiling Point: unknown Density:  The density of Mt metal is calculated to be 37.4 g/cm3 at room temperature. This would give the element the second-highest density of the known elements, after neighboring element hassium, which has a predicted density of 41 g/cm3. Oxidation States: predicted to be 9. 8. 6. 4. 3. 1 with the 3 state as the most stable in aqueous solution Magnetic Ordering: predicted to be paramagnetic Crystal Structure: predicted to be face-centered cubic Discovered: 1982 Isotopes: There are 15 isotopes of meitnerium, which are all radioactive. Eight isotopes have known half-lives with mass numbers ranging from 266 to 279. The most stable isotope is meitnerium-278, which has a half-life of approximately 8 seconds. Mt-237 decays into bohrium-274 via alpha decay. The heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter ones. Most meitnerium isotopes undergo alpha decay, although a few undergo spontaneous fission into lighter nuclei. Researchers suspected Mt-271 would be a relatively stable isotope because it would have 162 neutrons (a magic number), yet attempts by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to synthesize this isotope in 2002-2003 were unsuccessful. Sources of Meitnerium: Meitnerium may be produced either by fusion two atomic nuclei together or via the decay of heavier elements. Uses of Meitnerium: Meitneriums primary use is for scientific research, since only minute amounts of this element have ever been produced. The element plays no biological role and is expected to be toxic due to its inherent radioactivity. Its chemical properties are expected to be similar to noble metals, so if enough of the element is ever produced, it might be relatively safe to handle. Sources Emsley, John (2011).  Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 492–98. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).  Chemistry of the Elements  (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Rife, Patricia (2003). Meitnerium. Chemical Engineering News. 81 (36): 186. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p186Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Reflection Of Citizen Kane - 758 Words

The 1941 film Citizen Kane was written, directed, co-produced and starred by Orson Welles. The film won an Academy Award in 1942 for Best Screenplay and was also nominated for 8 other categories in the same year. The black and white movie was a hit for its time. The film challenged the traditional narrative and technical elements of the classic Hollywood cinema on multiple levels, especially for this time period in history. One of the first traditional narratives that Welles challenged was the order of events in the movie. Most films present their stories in chronological order, Citizen Kane does not do this. The film opens with narrated scenes of the entire life of Charles Foster Kane, however the series of events goes from the later†¦show more content†¦The plot duration is the time it took for Jerry Thompson to interview Kane’s ex-wife and friends in search of answers on Kane’s life and death, this took approximately one week. And then the screen duration is the entire movie, this would be almost 2 hours in length. (Barsam, Monahan 143) The setting in the movie is the time and place of the story. Citizen Kane showed multiple settings a many different times. The death had a setting of Kane alone in his home in his later years, in the 1940s. Other settings included an estate in Florida called Xanadu, where Kane and his wife Susan lived in his later years. Another setting was a music hall that Kane owned and where Susan performed for audiences, this as well was in his later years. His younger years included settings of his businesses are also shown throughout the first of the film. Thompson’s interviews of Kane’s ex-wife, his colleagues, his friends and even his butler provide settings of their locations (after his death) and then their flashbacks to Kane’s life including those time periods and settings. Another way that Welles challenged the technical elements of the Hollywood cinema was through the mise-en-sce`ne. Mise-en-sce`ne is the staging or the action of putting on a scene. One of the concepts in putting on a scene or staging is the illusion created from the lighting and camera angles. In one scene in the movie, Kane is in one door way watching his wife Susan leave out of their home,Show MoreRelatedReflection Of Citizen Kane757 Words   |  4 PagesOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane is a revolutionary film. Although it might not look like much to the modern viewer, many aspects of the film were the first of their kind to appear and are still used today. One thing I noticed throughout the film was the use of reflections. The movie starts off with a montage of images of Xanadu, Charles Kane’s personal estate. One of the shots includes a beautiful reflection of the building in the water. When Kane dies and drops the snow globe, you see the nurse’s reflectionRead MoreCitizen Kane As A Dramatic Tragedy1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1941 film, Citizen Kane, is a dramatic tragedy that chronicles the life of Charles Foster Kane from boyhood to newspaper magnate. Along the way, characters try to figure out what life really means and question if the â€Å"American Dream† is really all it is cracked up to be. Directed by Orson Welles with cinematography by Gregg Toland, the film won the New York Film Critics Award as best picture, and received nine Academy Award nominations, but won only one for best Screenplay for Welles and HermanRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Citizen Kane1299 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen Kane incorporates a well-rounded variety of shots and angles that make the film more entertaining. This movie is significant because the American people will always be able to relate to it. There will always be a rich politician who wants to change things for the better. Sometimes, scandal and broken promises ensue. The American people will always want someone that they can trust to make their lives better. It is interesting to note that this film combines multiple genres, giving it a factorRead MoreOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) and Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon (1950)1852 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: At first glance, Citizen Kane and Rashomon seem structurally similar to each other and as well each explores the concept of truth. They both use multiple narratives to tell their stories; however, the idea of truth is handled differently in each. Citizen Kane is a fictionalized documentary about the life of wealthy newspaperman Charles Kane. In Rashomon, while each narration widens understanding of the motivations of the narrators of the event, only one of the varying accounts isRead MoreCitizen Kane : Character Analysis : Citizen Kane1337 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis: Kane Citizen Kane one of the consistently top ranked films of all time, A film that would change the course and style of film from that point on Its ability to direct the audience’s attention with its many remarkable and breath-taking scenes. It employed many new cinematic and innovative techniques that apply to lighting, sound mixing and editing that been emulated ever since. The character that we see take the greatest advantages of these new techniques is Charles Foster Kane, utilizingRead MoreGreat Gatsby and Citizen Kane compare and contrast Essay examples677 Words   |  3 Pages The Great Gatsby Citizen Kane You are today where your thoughts have brought you; you will be tomorrow where your thoughts take you. - James Allen The Great Gatsby and Citizen Kane are both classic American stories about the so called â€Å"American Dream†. The main characters in both stories are Mr. Gatsby and Mr. Kane. They each come from similar backgrounds. They also both hold much power as adults. A difference between the two is one chose their way of living the other did not. He wasRead MoreWhy Citizen Kane is the Best Movie Ever Made Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over Casablanca and Citizen Kane has been a classic argument between film critics and historians alike, and this is because both of these pieces are timeless pictures that have managed to captivate audiences well after their era. On a broad spectrum analysis this is an apples and oranges debate as the two films both have great cinematographic value but for different reasons. However, the real question at hand is which film is the greatest? Which film transformed the future of AmericanRead MoreCitizen Kane Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesCiti zen Kane Citizen Kane is often called the greatest film ever made. Its use of film techniques often taken for granted nowadays were completely new and had not been done before. Simple things like ceilings on the sets and realistic scenes such as the newsreel, which would not stand out in a modern film, were combined to make a film full of innovative techniques. The director, Orson Welles, developed the use of deep focus to make the flat cinema screen almost becomeRead MoreEssay on Citizen Cane Questionaire1377 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen Kane Questionnaire View the movie CITIZEN KANE (1941) for discussion in class on week four and to submit week five. Be sure to view the film at least twice before workshop number four. Read the information in this syllabus about this movie. Research it online at http://www.filmsite.org/citi.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033467/, http://www.cinepad.com/reviews/kane.htm, etc. Then complete the following questionnaire A. Literary ElementsRead More Citizen Kane: Exposing the Truth about William Randolph Hearst3876 Words   |  16 PagesCitizen Kane: Exposing the Truth about William Randolph Hearst Many have called Citizen Kane the greatest cinematic achievement of all time. It is indeed a true masterpiece of acting, screen writing, and directing. Orson Welles, its young genius director, lead actor, and a co-writer, used the best talents and techniques of the day (Bordwell 103) to tell the story of a newspaper giant, Charles Kane, through the eyes of the people who loved and hated him. However, when it came out, it was scorned

Islam And Buddhism Essay Example For Students

Islam And Buddhism Essay Islam and Buddhism are two distinct religious traditions that provide their ownmeaningful responses to the fundamental questions about life. Their views onissues relating to the possibility of a Supreme Being, the purpose of life andtheir understanding of the cycle of life and death are all quite distinct fromeach other, but at the same time, having minor similarities. These can be seenin the following comparative study between the teachings of these two worldreligions. Is there a Supreme Being? What is the nature of the divine? AllMuslims profess the existence of the One and Only God, God Almighty who is alsoreferred to as Allah. They firmly believe that Allah is the most high andhonored, the creator and the sustainer of all that exists and he has no physicalconnections between any thing he has created whether it be the creatures orhuman beings on this earth. He has no beginning and no end. Allah has nophysical dimensions like hunger, sleep or rest for he is the one who gives suchattributes to his creatures. Buddhism on the other hand, recognises no creatorgod who initially brought the universe into existence and continues to controlit in the way that Allah controls everything that is or happens in the universefrom the smallest to the greatest events. The founder of Buddhism, who is knownas Buddha, did not want to be worshipped as a god. He taught that people wouldbe happier if they took responsibility for their own thoughts and actions. Histeachings were simply a guide for living. Muslims can some what relate to thisin the way they are taught to be responsible for their own actions and sins. Thetwo religions are also similar in the way they both believe in the concept ofgod/s existing in the afterlife. Muslims firmly believe in the existence ofAllah in heaven while Buddhists consider the possibility of gods existing in theheavens that their karma has created. What is the purpose of life? Islam teachesthat God created human beings and endowed them with immortal souls. Eachindividual possesses the quality of uniqueness and the duty of each person is towork out his or her own destiny and each is responsible for his or her ownaction. Buddhists would say that rather than being created by a Supreme Being,humans actually got themselves born due to karma made in past lives. This wasmade with a particular father and mother with whom we have karmic connections.Islam also teaches that the task of a human being is to make a sincere effortand strive to do his/her best. Islam discourages its followers to sit inresignation. However, whatever results from effort is to come from Godsdecision and should be accepted with patience. At the same time, giving thanksand praise to God is also part of the central purpose in life. In contrast toBuddhism teachings, Buddha did not want to be worshipped as a god, but instead,taught people that the central idea of life was to reach as sense ofincomprehensible peace in their minds. In Islam, life is essentially preparationfor the Day of Judgement when Allah will call all people to hear an account ofhow they have lived. This will determine their destiny after life. On the otherhand, Buddhists believe that humans are on this earth because of the evil thingsthat they have committed in past lives and the main purpose of life is to reachthe state of enlightenment. To escape the cycle of rebirth is to enter thesupreme reality of Nirvana where there is freedom and bliss. .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .postImageUrl , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:hover , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:visited , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:active { border:0!important; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:active , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bacteria Reproduction Essay To attain nirvanais simply to be out of existence. The way in which Buddhists are taught to goabout this is to devote their life to compassion, charity, and non-violence andto clear their mind of all content and learn to drift away from theconsciousness of this world. How do we understand the cycle of life and death?Is there life after death? In Islam, life on earth is considered to be a minutepart of the totality of existence. The life in the hereafter is of eternalduration. Every individual is accountable for his performance in the worldlylife and is answerable in front of God on the Day of Judgement. On this day, Godwill raise every one from the dead and he will allow those who have lived a goodlife to enter the paradise of heaven and those who have done evil will bepunished by suffering in the torment of hell. People will be judged not only ontheir deeds but also on their faith. Believers may have their sins forgiven orundergo a period of punishment and will go to heaven, but disbeliveers will goto hell. They had their chance to turn to Allah and now it is too late. Onlywhen they have complete submission to God may they be salvaged. In contrast toBuddhist teachings, our future lives may or may not be in a human form butwhile we are on this earth we may continue to be reborn due to the evil thingsthat we have committed in our past lives. Buddhists consider rebirth as anotherchance to work toward realisation, while Allah considers life to be the onlychance of proving your worthiness to God so that you may enter Heaven. The waysin which both religions encourage people to go about reaching Supreme Reality(whether it be reaching Heaven or Nirvana), are also different to each other. InBuddhism, the only way to escape the cycle of rebirth is by following theNoble Eight-fold Path, a strict ethical system and by committingourselves to meditation so that we are no longer conscious of this world. Asstated before, Muslims are worthy of entering Heaven if they have completelysubmitted to God and if they have performed good deeds, while Buddhists mainlyfocus on the importance of attaining peace in ones mind so they can reachNirvana. An average Muslim believes that God gives life and death and that deathmay come at any time, thus, every one should try to send on ahead for good deedsthat will earn the pleasure of God. With this perception, a Muslim has to live avirtuous life all the time. Buddhists also believe in living a virtuous life allthe time, but rather than it being for the purpose of pleasing a god, it ismainly for reaching enlightenment. Conclusion In summary, the two worldreligions share both similar and distinguishing beliefs on their variousteachings of life and the existence of Supreme Beings. Their major differencesare mainly that Buddhism ignores the issue of a Supreme Being, while Muslimsconsider Allah as the One and Only God who created this earth. Buddhism alsoteaches that humans can be reincarnated when they die, while in Muslims believethat after death, there is a life of eternal duration. Although their mainsimilarities are minor, the two religions can relate to the existence of asupreme reality after life on earth, with Buddhists believing in Nirvana andMuslims believing in Heaven. The religions also believe in committing good deedsin order to enter these supreme realities.

Spiritual Healing Essay Example For Students

Spiritual Healing Essay An Exploration of Spiritual HealingThroughout time, mankind has constantly been seeking ways to maintain their health and to cure those that had not been so fortunate in that task. Just about everything has been experimented with as a cure for some type of illness; whether physical or mental. There is also a third type of illness that can and is addressed, which is healing on the spiritual plan. According to research, most of the spiritual healers are concentrated in primitive societies and undeveloped areas of the world. However, there are still undertones of reliance on spiritual healing in modern medicine today and there are some in civilized, well developed parts of the world that have rejected modern medicine all together and adopted alternative healing methods.Even a person who does not believe in a higher being actually takes part in this type cure simply by allowing the chemical medicines in his/her body to mend what is wrong. No matter what class of society a person is in, n o matter how advanced that particular country is, there will always be traces of spiritual healing if not all-out practicing of it; and it is and will continue to be a significant part of any healing process, large or small. We will write a custom essay on Spiritual Healing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are numerous names for spiritual healers, but for simplicitys sake and the fact that the concentration is on American Indian Medicine, all spiritual healers will be lumped together as Shaman unless otherwise specified. This does not mean that all healers will hold the same beliefs, or that a particular belief is not even held by a group known as Shamans, but rather a different type of healer. The grouping is just so that a detailed and confusing explaination of all the subsections of healers. If necessary, there will be specifications. Again , for clarification, definitions are provided to clear up any confusion. A Shaman is a person anchored securely in both the physical world and the spiritual realm a mediator if you will(Shamanism 1). Therefore, Shamanism is a way of life revolving around interaction of the spiritual and physical worlds(Shamanism).The Shaman does not solely exist as other humans do; they lead a totally different life in conjunction with their earthly duties within their tribe. The two are not separate by any means; one has direct impact on the other, or so it is believed by those who study this form of healing. Mr. Mircea Eliade voiced the idea of one (wo)man wearing so many hats at one time: For, of course, the shaman is also a magician and a medicine man; he is believed to cure, like all doctors, and to perform miracles of the fakir type, like all magicians, whether primitive or modern. But beyond this, he is a psychopomp, and he may also be a priest, mystic, and poet(Shamanism). Illness, according to shamans, all begins on the spiritual plane(Griffin). If left unchecked, then the spiritual disturbance manifests itself as a physical malady. A large part of the healing process is to remove barriers within the body to allow the impurities to leave the body, and to incourage the body to heal itself. The energy is channeled through the healer from a higher source like a conductor into the patient and in turn the malevolent entity/ distur bance is pulled into the healer to get rid of, as described by a certified healer in witchcraft(Griffin). To remove the disturbance, different shamans have different techniques. However, the purpose is identical and the end result usually come out about the same frequency of success to failures. There are countless documentations of a shaman sucking an evil spirit from the body of the affected person. Depending on the shamans particular style, the spirit may be spat out in the form of saliva or a small mass, sometimes with blood on it(Vogel 16). Along those same lines, bitter medicines are administered to the patient in order to make the body an unpleasant living environment for the evil being and so it will leave(16). Other times, the ill-stricken person is not possessed by an evil spirit, but rather, has a disturbance on the spiritual plane. This usually is the result of an emotional imbalance within the body and can be mended fairly easily. Rattles, drums, and singing are thought to help restabilize the imbalance by first disrupting the harmony of the imbalance, removing it, and refilling the empty space with compatible vibrations(16). The energy used to refill the area cleaned of the imbalance acts as a spiritual scar tissue and mends the fragmented ends together. .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .postImageUrl , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:hover , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:visited , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:active { border:0!important; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:active , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Light: A Fundamental Force In Our World EssayThere are many other forms of spiritual healing designed to help regain the balance of someone who is ill. During an interview with a spiritual healer from the Witchcraft religion, other types of procedures were described: Auric therapy, dealing with the flow of the aura; aromatic therapy that uses different scents to invoke healing; chromatic and hydro-chromatic, which is the use of colors and water colors, respectively as therapy, and medicinal herbalism. There is also a therapy style called raki-healing, which is the actions most think of when they mentally picture a spiritual healer. It is a combination of channeling energy and massage. There was an opportunity to experience this particular type of healing during the interview. In order to do what they do, shaman must not confine themselves to the physical world. Sometimes, mostly, the soul leaves the body to ascend into the sky to visit the heavens or down into the earth to the underworld. This is called a Shamanistic Flight one when the shaman travels beyond the limitations of the physical body(Global 1). In addition to traveling to other worlds, Shamans also enlist the help of different fetishes. These fetishes are believed in some circles to provide the Shaman with his/ her healing power. The fetishes are representations of the animal spirit medicine men( Magic 267). Combining the two, there is an act called a parashamanistic technique.There are actually four of them; all involve direct intercourse with the supernatural world. However, only one is characterized by the spirit-possession trance. In this trance, the healing spirit takes over the shama ns body(194). There are innumerable ways to be chosen to be a shaman: near-death experience, a mental calling, have a tendency, etc. Those are just some of the most common. The common thread throughout is that once (s)he has been chosen, they must be trained. There are special taboos that must be learned in order to become a shaman, but not all of these teachings hold constant through the different tribes.For instance, there are several taboos concerning eating; forbidden to eat outside and cannot eat head, heart, intestines, or liver of an animal(Magic 194). Some tribes have their young shaman refrain from sexual relations, although other cultures allow marriages. It is even accepted in other tribes that the shaman be a transvestite, marry a man that has a wife, do wife jobs as well as be a shaman, and have homosexual relations. There is also a secret vocabulary of the shaman that must be learned and special techniques concerning their function within society(194). Once they have been trained in all the ways of the Shaman, then it is then time for the novice shaman to receive the paraphinalia of the trade. There is precious little the shaman actually needs to perform his task. From his parents, he receives a headdress and a belt( Magic 194). From the instructor, the young Shaman receives his first tunraq (this is an Eskimo custom). A tunraq is a protective spirit to watch over the shaman and to help him with his needs. Additional tunraqs can be given by other shaman for some service done for another, or by following the spirits on volition(194). This young shaman, though his training, went through several levels of mental suffering and trance in order to arrive at a new normality and reintegration into the society he was isolated from for years(Gelfund 132). this pain authenticates the young shamans contact with the spirit world(132). There is so much talk of the shaman going away to learn, going away to heal, that one might forget that the shaman are an integral part of the community. They concentrate mainly on curing the ill and rainmaking rather than getting involved in the government of the tribe. They are, however, looked to for advice for the leadership of the community. This is because one of the role of a shaman is to be a guardian of the well-being of the tribe, ensuring continuing fertility and health(Magic 264). Then again, shaman do not rely totally on the spiritual realm for healing. They learn considerable knowledge in first aid and herbal cures for natural diseases. This means that they do not lack empirical knowledge (knowledge gathered from trial and error) and experimental technique(264). Shaman use both learned knowledge and spiritual knowledge to cure those that they come in contact with. Even the interaction between three components of a healing patient, shaman, and public made a considerable difference in the healing. This is called the Shamanistic Complex(Magic 35). The Shaman undergoes specific states of a psychosomatic nature, the sick person who may or may not experience improvement in their condition, and the public, which is experiencing an enthusiasm and intellectual and emotional satisfaction, which provides collective support(35). This support perpetuates shamanistic healings, and starts the cycle all over again. .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .postImageUrl , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:hover , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:visited , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:active { border:0!important; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:active , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gilded Age EssayThe whole process of healing, whether modern medicine or alternative, comes out as being at least in part spiritual healing. The theme of having healers come and remove beings from an ill body, or smooth out an imbalance is a constantly reoccurring theme in the medicinal practices of every primitive religion and society. Still, there are distinct traces left in modern culture that suggest there is something more than primitive, uncivilized superstition. Works CitedGelfund, Michael. Witch Doctor. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers, 1964. 132-33. Griffin, Michelle. Personal Interview. 18 November 1997. Magic, Witchcraft, and Curing. Ed. John Middleton. Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press, 1967. Vogel, Virgil J. American Indian Medicine. Oklahoma University: Oklahoma University Press, 1973. Shamanism: a definition of sorts. Earth Dance Society. n. pag. Online. Internet. 17 Nov. 1997. What is Shamanism?. Global Spirituality. 1.1 Online. Internet. 17 Nov. 1997Miscellaneous