Measuring Intimate Partner Violence

Measuring Intimate Partner Violence A number of researchers found domestic violence to be a major contributor of physical and mental health problems in sufferers. (REF) Some studies have reported about rising rates of domestic violence related homicides. (REF) It has been observed that abused women very frequently get chance to be in contact with healthcare system sometimes for routine checkups and at other times to seek emergency care for injuries. Healthcare providers thus are in appropriate position to identify abuse and provide or devise possible interventions. These indications let researchers and human rights activists to approach the problem of domestic violence as a public health problem. Bachman (2000) and Saltzman (2004) strongly recommended for accurate measurement of domestic abuse in healthcare setups as this information could be very useful for identification of abuse as well as for devising intervention activities for victims. One important methodological concern common to domestic violence research has been measurement of abuse. Although violence is a measurable phenomenon but its accurate measurement is also influenced by perception of people about the act. Researchers have found variability in perception of people about certain abusive acts as violent or not. For instance, forced sex or martial rape is still not considered an abuse in many societies around the world. A number of international organizations have provided the definitions of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) with clear description of acts in various categories. For instance, The Australian Medical Association (AMA) (1998) defined domestic violence as, the domination, coercion, intimidation and victimization of one person by another by physical, sexual or emotional means within intimate relationships. An outline of types of abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) was provided by Australian Public Health (1990). According to this description: Physical abuse is causing pain and injury; denial of sleep, warmth or nutrition; denial of needed medical care; sexual assault; violence to property or animals; disablement; and murder Verbal abuse includes humiliation, degradation, intimidation, subjugation, including the threat of physical violence; Economic abuse includes deprivation of basic necessities, seizure of income or assets, unreasonable denial of the means necessary for participation in social life; and Social abuse is isolation, control of all social activities, deprivation of liberty, or the deliberate creation of unreasonable dependence. The common acts for physical violence measured in researches on domestic violence include slapping, throwing something that could hurt, pushing, hitting with a fist or anything that could hurt, kicking, dragging, choking, threatening or actually using a gun, knife or other weapon. (Mazza, Dennerstein Ryan, 1996) Sexual violence has been measured by these acts; physically forcing to have sexual intercourse against her will, having sex because she was afraid of what her partner might do, being forced to do something sexual she found degrading or humiliating.(Brown, Lent, Brett et al, 1996) Previous researches have shown that how researchers frame their questions about violent victimization can have a profound effect on disclosure rates. (Tjaden, 2000) For instance, it will be more convenient for women to respond accurately to the question framed as, Has your partner ever physically forced you to have sex against your will? than asking question as Have you even been abused or raped? (Ellsberg, Heise Shrader, 1999) It has been recommended by previous researches that asking clearly worded, direct questions about the respondents experience of specific acts also obtain correct information from the participants. (Bagshaw et al. 2000; WHO Geneva, 2005) Studies have also investigated the effectiveness of type of screening procedures for domestic violence screening in healthcare setups. Webster Holt (2004) reviewed the medical records for evidence of positive partner violence for women attending prenatal clinics. A self-report checklist is an effective alternative to direct questioning in detecting women who are experiencing partner violence and is acceptable to women. It has also been reported that health professionals need to use a variety of questions to elicit womens experiences of domestic violence. (Hegarty et al, 2000) Some other recent studies compared brief self-report abuse screening instruments with long clinician-administered abuse screening questionnaires

Donoghue V Stevenson Essay

Summary On August 26th 1928, Donoghue (plaintiff) and a friend were at a case in Glasgow, Scotland. Her friend ordered / purchased a bottle of ginger beer for Donoghue. The bottle was in an opaque bottle (dark glass material) as Donoghue was not aware of the contents. After, Donoghue drank some and her friend lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the ginger beer into the glass. A remains of a snail in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the glass. Donoghue later complained of stomach pain and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action seeking  £500 damages against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson (Defendant). She was unsuccessful at trial and appealed the decision to the House of Lords. Issue 1. Is there liability in negligence for injury caused by another in the absence of a contract? 2. Does the manufacturer of a product owe duty of care to the consumer to take reasonable care that the product is free from defect? Judgement The issue was complex because her friend had purchased the drink, and that a contract had not been breached. So Donoghue’s lawyers had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, concluded that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consumes their product. Among the reasons given by the judges that is related to the issues above: 1. Le Lievre v Gould established that â€Å"under certain circumstances, one man may owe a duty of care to another, even though there is no contract between them† 2. Negligence claims can be brought against people who owe you a duty of care. 3. A manufacturer has a duty of care to the ultimate consumer if either the consumer or the distributors he received the product from had a reasonable chance to inspect it. Firstly, that negligence is a different tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a defendant, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of belongings. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson however Atkin’s judgement establis hed that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. ‘The liability for negligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of â€Å"culpa,† is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot, in a practical world, be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief’ Furthermore, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. These protections began as common law but many have since been codified in legislation, such as the Trade Practices Act. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in (mind) when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Lord Atkin: â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour. Reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? Persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that i ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when i am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. Analysis I agree with the judgement of the issue that, the manufacturer does owe a duty of care to future consumers. Manufacturers are aware that production has the overall goal of its product that is to be consumed, and not simply to be purchased by a distributors or retailers. Therefore, taking into account all liabilities and reasonable care of what the product can cause to civilians. The reason being, that there is a liability of negligence present by the injury of another because in layman’s term, action conducted or carried forward must be foreseen and taken into consideration that it can harm society involved indirectly. Firstly, goods which are primarily purchased, used or consumed for personal, domestic or household purposes  which in this case Donoghue consumed a ginger beer in the cafà © and suffered injuries. Stevenson is liable for its product manufactured and as the plaintiff had suffered injury due to the consumption of the product it is due to the failure on the compliance to safety of goods supply and it is believe to fail its compliance on the rule ‘love you neighbour’ / duty of care. Second the manufacturer and the retailer included a price which consist of consideration in any form whether direct or indirect in relation to acquisition, where in this case the defendant sold the ginger beer that was consumed by Donoghue. In my opinion, a rule of safety standards according to Consumer Protection Act 1999 Section 18-23 should be carried should be taken into consideration by the defendant as it bring a better quality to goods served. As Stevenson did not take account of its product quality, its goods (ginger beer) contained a decomposed snail piece resulting in plaintiff injury ‘gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock’. Hence, manufactures owe a duty of care to Donoghue because Stevenson did not comply on the quality of the goods sold. Moreover, as application on this case to real life reason are our work, relaxation and our life in general, we must think about the well-being of people around us (our neighbours). We cannot simply plan out activities with no regard to the safety of all participants, including civilians. For  example, one person cannot execute work duties without concern for our fellow colleagues or our clients. We cannot leave uncovered holes in the track, or fail to shut gates where animals are restrained, or leave hazardous chemicals lying around. In a nutshell, if we don’t do the right thing as level deemed to be appropriate to the people involved, then we will be accused of exhibiting irresponsibility. Overall, in this case where the manufacturers or suppliers in respect of selling goods for the eventual consumption to consumers, have a duty to take reasonable care to consumers / â€Å"neighbours† to ensure that their products are safe for consumption and to take full responsibil ity in respect of a guarantees in the supply of goods. References Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Taylor, Martin R. (2008). â€Å"The Most Famous Litigant†. Donoghue v Stevenson Digital Resources. Scottish Council of Law Reporting. Retrieved 8 September 2012. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. 2015. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.scottishlawreports.org.uk/resources/dvs/donoghue-v-stevenson-report.html. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. [ONLINE] Available at: http://casebrief.wikia.com/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015].

Color Imagery †The Great Gatsby Essay

Writers often use a variety of literary devices in their literature to relate to the themes of their stories. Imagery is just one of the many that are used to create the structure for the literary pieces. Imagery can be used to form images in the reader’s mind, appealing to the human senses. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the mind behind the American Modernist novel The Great Gatsby, uses a specific form of this literary device, which is color imagery, to make a more meaningful visual experience for the reader. Patterns of certain colors represent recurring themes in the story as a whole. In The Great Gatsby, certain characters portray the significance of colors in the color theory. Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, and Jordan Baker’s actions in the story prove this point through their actions and their words. Fitzgerald’s story contains an aspect of wealth, and each character goes about it in his or her own way, connecting back to the imagery the author uses. By examining the desire for power, material possession, dishonesty, and deception, it is clear that the colors yellow and gold are used to represent these themes. Fitzgerald’s color imagery is clear when yellow is used to describe situations of greed and the desire for power throughout the story. In The Great Gatsby, there are several characters who wish to have more, who are never satisfied with what they have. They become greedy, and their actions, as small as some are, help to prove this. Daisy Buchanan is Jay Gatsby’s love interest in the story. However, it is known that she is married to Tom Buchanan, and that they have a child together. The narrator of the story, Nick Carraway, describes Tom as an aggressive, arrogant, self-absorbed, man. His aggressiveness leads him to verbally and physically abuse Daisy. One may believe that the best situation would be for her to simply leave Tom in order for her to have a better life. The thing is that Daisy cannot get herself to do that because she craves power and wealth. Daisy is observed by Nick, and is described as being â€Å"in white, her dress rippling and fluttering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (8). When thinking of an actual daisy flower, it’s known that a daisy has white petals with a yellow center. In the story, Mrs. Buchanan is in a white dress, exhibiting purity and innocence, but the yellow inside clearly shows she is full of nothing but greed. She stays with Tom, an abusive husband, because she enjoys having a luxurious life. Daisy does indeed represent a daisy flower, with her true color, yellow, showing through her actions. Along with Daisy, George Wilson subtly shows a desire for more in the story. According to Nick, George is â€Å"a blonde, spiritless man†¦ and fairly handsome† (25). Mr. Wilson’s hair is blonde, which ties with yellow in the story. When Tom Buchanan visits George in the Valley of Ashes, the first thing he says to Tom is, â€Å"When are you going to sell me that car? † (25). George knows that Tom is a wealthy man, and although not being straightforward with it, George wants more than what he has with his dull life in the Valley of Ashes. His blonde hair shows that because the author’s use of yellow shows the greed and the desire for power in the story. Fitzgerald applies his color imagery to The Great Gatsby in a very sophisticated way because he uses a single color to express multiple ideas. Not only do yellow and gold display a craving for more, but it also shows the material wealth that someone can have. As discussed earlier, Tom Buchanan and Daisy Buchanan lead lives of great affluence. They live in the East Egg, the more extravagant of the two Eggs, in Long Island, New York. As the narrator of the story observes the couple’s beautiful mansion, he says it has a â€Å"front broken by a line of French windows, glowing now with reflected gold and wide open to the warm, windy afternoon†¦ (6). Nick’s portrayal of the luxurious Buchanan home and life using gold shows how the author uses the color to represent material possession. While Nick Carraway spends time describing the Buchanans’ affluence, his own material possession is also depicted. Nick’s love interest in the story is a woman named Jordan Baker. He spends a significant amount of time with her, and recounts what kind of stuff they do together. At one of Gatsby’s great parties, Nick is with Jordan, when he says, â€Å"With Jordan’s slender golden arm resting in mine, we descended the steps and sauntered the garden† (43). Nick has Jordan Baker’s â€Å"golden arm† in his, which shows how he clearly sees her as some sort of righteous prize, a possession of his. The gold is used to make Jordan Nick’s very own material possession. That is how Fitzgerald expresses yellow and gold when relating to this theme. Misleading and being dishonest are two of the things that several characters do in The Great Gatsby to portray themselves as better, or just simply different. In this story, dishonesty and deception are expressed by the author. Many in the story wonder how Jay Gatsby became this extremely rich man. Mystery surrounds Mr. Gatsby, and it is learned that it is his purpose to keep it a mystery. When he picks up Nick Carraway in his yellow Rolls-Royce he tells him some details about his origin. However, Nick is immediately suspicious of what Mr. Gatsby is telling him in his yellow car. He tells Nick to be wary about what rumors he hears about Gatsby, and he tells him about Oxford and his status in the military. Gatsby seems to be trying very hard to create an image of himself that simply is not accurate. Gatsby is so full of deception that Nick somehow â€Å"manages to restrain his incredulous laughter† (66). The narrator knows for a fact that something just does not add up, and this all happens in the luxurious yellow vehicle. While in the car, Gatsby is dishonest to Nick for the first time. He may have shown â€Å"evidence†, but Nick knows that Gatsby is deceiving him in a way. Another character close to the narrator also displays very misleading behavior. Not unlike Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker is described as having a delicate white dress, making her seem like a pristine, pure object. Nevertheless, Nick also observes Miss Baker’s â€Å"autumn-leaf yellow hair† (17). The narrator learns that Jordan is not all that truthful when he realizes that she did not play fair in a gold tournament once. Nick says, â€Å"At her first big gold tournament there was a suggestion that she had moved her ball from a bad lie in the semi-final round†¦ she was incurably dishonest† (57-58). Her dishonesty ties back to the narrative description of her yellow hair. All in all, the author clearly displays yellow as a color of deception and fraud. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s use of color imagery in The Great Gatsby not only makes a clear picture in the reader’s mind, but it also helps to relate to the broader themes of the whole story. He uses color patterns and attaches colors to certain images to craft a big idea using few words. More specifically, the yellow and gold patterns portray the themes of greed, desire for power, material possession, and dishonesty. Daisy Buchanan wanting to keep her power despite having to stay with Tom, Nick’s prize in Jordan Baker, and Gatsby’s apparent deception all fall under the color yellow. This again shows Fitzgerald’s multiple ideas under a single color. The many examples and patterns of one color are not coincidental, and that is why yellow and gold tie perfectly into the story in regards to representing themes and motifs in The Great Gatsby.

Financial Accounting and procedures required in a company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3682 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? To form a limited firm in the UK, following few documents are needed to send to Companies House for registering it: IN01 application form to enlist a firm which includes One address for the firms registered office, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Accounting and procedures required in a company" essay for you Create order Different type of articles, Also pre defined names and address for the directors of the firms, It also includes the statement for the initial and total capital (paid up or un paid) and the initial number of shares that company is going to offer. Memorandum of AssociationÂÂ   Giving the names of each subscriber and verification that each member is approved to turn into members of that firm Articles of AssociationÂÂ   The document entails how the firm will perform its business operations, shareholder key rights, constrained substances if the firm has any and the details powers of companys directors. Additional informationÂÂ   If the application includes a prescribed or sensitive word or expression or according to application if any other document demands by the company house, company has to fulfil to proceed the registration process. Requirements for Registering Public Limited Companies (PLC) Before any business can start operating as a limited company in UK, it has to be registered with the Registrar of Companies at Companies House. IncorporationÂÂ  is the process by which a new or existing business is formed as a company and can sell its share in stock exchange to gather share capital. A public limited company (plc) must fulfil these requirements: Company that is going to be limited must show that it has at least two directors who may also be members of the company. The company also must have the one individual director at least. The selected directors for the company should be aged 16 or over 16. The company must also have one qualified secretary at least. You cannot choose a name for the firm that is the same as an existing firm. It does not include any receptive words and jargon that need sanction from Companies House. For example, a firm is not authorized to select a name which comprises words that are potentially misleading, such as international if the company is operating business only in UK. When the plc firm is free to operate its business? Unless the company house provides the trade certificate to the firm it cannot perform its operations and that the certificate will be issued by the company house when the company has the minimum required capital and this minimum amount for capital is 50,000 for UK plc business. Question No. 2 Different Stakeholders and their interests In Company? Stakeholders Employees and workers of the company It is common concurrence that employees are major stakeholders because employees have the direct impact on performance of company and equally they have interest regarding their salaries, benefits and careers. Shareholders Shareholders of the company hold the shares which make them owners and mostly they are considered to be top priority stakeholders of the company because of their ownership. Since shareholders are owners of the company so they have desperate concern with business and this makes them the top stakeholder of firm. Management of the company It is somehow notorious debate among business personnel that management of the company is stakeholder of the company or not. Freeman and Evan supported the view as managers are directly involved to keep balance among the other stakeholders demand and fulfil them wisely and this extra responsibility of managers include them in stakeholders of the company. Controversial, but some believe that managers are stakeholders As the managers also employees of the company but their high responsibility towards companys performance make them a separate stakeholder from employees. Creditors Creditors or suppliers of the company also somehow involve in the ownership if company provides them the security by offering them right of sales of the assets which make them stakeholders. Creditors also have high interest because of their lending amounts which they offer to the company and interest payments which they get back from company. If the company performs poor that means there is risk to lose their payment and interest hence this interest makes them stakeholders. Trade unions Since trade unions also have somehow impact or effect on the decision making of the company and this makes them the stakeholder of the company. Customers Customers of the company are also very key stakeholders. Because sales/profitability of the company depends upon customers and equally companys policies also affect the customers and their buying attitudes. Suppliers Often considered a stakeholder because company gets raw material for production and equally suppliers have to get payments in result of these raw material supplies. So this interest makes the suppliers as one of the key stakeholder of the company. Government Government is also stakeholder as government has high interest in any company regarding the tax. High the profit high the tax company has to pay. Local community The local community around the company where it operates the business is also included into the stakeholders of the company. Corporate social responsibility concept is an emerging concept and very important in companys growth so this shows that the local community around the company is also stakeholder of the company. Stakeholders interests (conflicts among the interests of firms stakeholders) Since each of the firm has different stakeholders and these different stakeholders have the different benefits and interests in firm. These different interests may create conflict among the stakeholders and also create trouble position for the management. Common concerns of the stakeholders Companys stockholders and the employees have the common concerns with the company because they both want company earns high profitability so that company may return them with higher return and salaries. High salaries, job security, growth of the business, and high dividend are the interests of the shareholders and employees which are commonly associated with the high profitability. Creditors and suppliers also have the high profit interest in company because it may provide help to the company to return back their credits soon. Conflicting Concerns of the stakeholders Increase in wages and salaries in shape of high return may affect on the dividend amounts. Management often concerned with high profit and further investment of that profit into the business which may sacrifice the dividend for shareholders. By investing the huge amount of profit on growth of the company may not bring the positivity in society and management may postpone the aim of community and environment betterment. Major Stakeholders of the Company Source: www.themanager.org Question No. 2 Reasons for Monitoring the Financial Performance of Business All the stakeholders and stockholders of the company are in favour that efficient corporate governance needs the defined rules and regulations in company. The main principle of all stakeholders is to get timely and accurate information regarding their each concerning matter. To make it sure a company should practice the fair procedures and policies to monitor its financial performance so that the goal of disseminating the right information to the right person at right time can be fulfilled. Monitoring the financial performance of business provides benefits in following ways: Transparency Full expos of non financial and financial information let the stakeholders to approach on transparent information. If there is no transparency into financial system a company may face fraud and can deceive the stakeholders with mislead information. So to avoid these all scams a company should have to implement and follow the monitoring system that transparently expand all the financial information to companys stakeholders. Answerability Accountability is very necessary to monitor the management performance whether it is performing in favour of the company or not and if necessary replace the management. There must be authentic, independent and authoritative body to monitor and control the management performance. Fairness Equitable treatment of investors and their investments is another reason to implement the monitoring system. Through proper monitoring system a company can ensure that the money of investors is properly and fairly invested into profitable investments. If there is no monitoring system company may lose its profits by investing into wrong investments. Responsibility Ensuring the corporation fulfils its proper role in society by investing something for the betterment of community. Profitability Is the business profitable or it is facing loss. How to manage the operations of the company to increase the overall performance and what suitable financial structure should be adopted by the company to generate and manage the business finance. What corrective measures a company can adopt to change its loss into profits. How to manage the profitability and even can enhance the profitability. What will be the suitable combination of policies for the company? So, all above questions indicate that without financial monitoring system a company cannot answer these questions. Size Whether the company has enough growth or size to produce the desired level of profitability? What the key changes that company should have to implement in growth, finance and operating performance to achieve the desired profitability? While checking the current financial resources company has to invest accordingly. May be currently company has available funds but due to higher cash outflows this could create problem for company in future. So after monitoring the size of company and size of investment, company should have to invest to achieve profitability from the investment. Growth Can the business grow to maintain or improve its long-term competitive position? What is a sustainable rate of growth for this business? Would the project provide the growth to business? A company can get answers for all such questions by implementing the continuous monitoring on financial performance of the company. Question No. 4 Explain Link between Balance sheet and Profit Loss Account? Balance sheetÂÂ   A balance sheet is a main statement in the annual report that shows a current economic situation of the form at a specific point, and this financial statement is presented at the end of each fiscal year, but for the accounts of management, short-term financial statements can be prepared by the company which can be prepared at any date.ÂÂ   It consists of the firms long term assets, short term assets, short term liabilities, fixed liabilities and provisions, the abstract of which is the net assets, or shortage, of the company. Profit and loss account The profit and loss account is another chief statement in the annual report that shows a firms performance over a specific time period.ÂÂ  Being a firms performance report the profit loss account explains the financial gains and also explains how the firm has done the fair business during this fiscal year and what profitability the firm has earned or what loss company has suffered. The profit and loss account includes of sales and all other sources of income generation for business, direct costs of business, overheads and expenses, financial costs and the government tax payable expenses. The Linkage Regardless of being two entirely different chief financial reports the balance sheet and the profit and loss account are somehow linked between each other. As the bottom part of the balance sheet report includes the profit and loss reserves, which indicates the profit retained by the company by not paying the full dividend to its stockholders with the future investment purpose. So in short the balance sheet statement provides overview of the financial health of the company at an accurate point, in contrast the profit and loss account statement expresses the financial gains of the company for the whole/current fiscal year.ÂÂ   Both balance sheet and profit loss statements have their own benefits and useful to review and analyze the companys financial position, however without assessing and viewing both statements financial position cannot be judged by individually viewing any of statement. Above statement can be backed by the following illustration that if a profit loss statement presenting the huge loss and would be de moralised its market worth and owners interests but having look on the balance sheet might clear the idea which shows the companys provision has further increase may cause the reduce profitability and loss. Provisions are simply an accounting entry that influences profitability but not the cash-flow of the company, so on the basis of this the presentation that company is not performing that bad as profit loss statement has showed. Conclusion Both statements profit loss account and balance sheet statement are as significant as each other and no solitary statement is measured to be more helpful than the other. To completely understanding the companys financial performance where the reader of accounts need to know what the balance sheet and profit loss statements are but also to know the relationship between these key statements and how positively and negatively they interact with each other. Question No. 4 Explain the Break-Even point and give examples? Break Even Analysis Break-Even is the volume where all Fixed Expenses of the business are covered or one can say that the point in business where the sales equal the total expenses. The point where is no profit and no loss for the company. All the new business must forecast what the total sales figures should be to satisfy its business expenses and after this to earn the profitability. To know or forecast the breakeven point for the company is beneficial for the business in case that it can find the new ways and approaches to cut down the expenses to increase the profits of the company. Reducing admin expenses, job cut downs and other un-necessary expenses may be reduced when the company knows the breakeven point to increase the profits. Through fixed expenses analysis, company can start to assess its breakeven point. To understand the breakeven concept lets take an example: Admin expenses 1,500 Rent expenses 800 Other Utilities expenses 300 Insurance expenses 150 Tax expenses 210 Telephone bill expenses 240 Auto expenses 400 Supplies expenses 100 Advertising expenses 300 Financial Interest expense 100 Miscellaneous expenses 400 Total 4,500 Gross profit margin 30% of total expenses These are the expenses that must be covered by the gross profit (sales cost of goods sold). Gross margin percentage and the total fixed expenses figures are very essential in this example and if total fixed expenses are supposed as 10000 and gross profit percentage is given as 30% then the breakeven point after all calculation would be 40000. Example of break even Q. A newspaper agency business has fixed costs of 2500 per month. Its average sales price per item is 15, and its variable costs are on average 5 per item. How many items does it need to sell to break-even? Q = FCÂÂ  / (UPÂÂ   VC) Q = Breakeven figure, i.e., Units of production (Q), FCÂÂ  = Fixed Costs, VCÂÂ  = Variable Costs per Unit UPÂÂ  = Unit Price Therefore, Break-Even Point Q = Fixed Cost / (Unit Price Variable Unit Cost) = 2500 / (15 -5) = 250 So if the company sales 250 items it will be break-even point where the total fixed cost will be satisfied and no profit will be gained by the company. For getting profit company has to sales more than 250 items. Question No.6 Explain Budgeting and difference between budget and Account? Budgeting After the eighteenth centurys industrial revolution the business entities started use of budgeting into their businesses to forecast the future conditions that companies may face. To prepare a right budget in those days and even in these days is very challenging for the management of every company. Every department, team and group among company may have their own budgets but most of the companies have their overall final business for the whole of its business. Budgeting for small companies with limited products is simple but for the international business with number of product lines is really very challenging task. Budgeting is something to forecast the future of the business and accordingly allocate the resources. Budget Budget is a written document or evidence of all the income and expenditures that company would have earn or expense for the particular period which is normally one fiscal year. It can be prepared at organization level, department level, group level, team level or even for individuals. Businesses, governments, ministries, local authorities, NGOs and even individuals prepare their budgets and use them into their businesses for controlling the expenses. Budgets always prepare in advance and budgeting is one strong aspect of budget which means analyzing the future situation of business in advance, think about contact and implication of things in progress and tend to control the future situation in advance to secure the business. Companies use a budget as a payments plan to assign their incomes to cover their expenses and to track how closely the actual expenditures line up with what the companies had planned to spend on certain heads or overall about all the business expenditures. An essential part of budgeting is creating an emergency fund, which the company can use to cover its unexpected expenses in case of over spending during the year. The company also wants to budget a percentage of its income for saving and investing. So budget is also a very good tool to measure whether the company is performing well according to plan into particular discipline what the budget has been prepared for or the department is over spending. All the governments also prepare budgets to rule their expenses for a financial year same as businesses they make usual modifications to reflect financial reality. And, like businesses, governments can find themselves in trouble if their spending outpaces their income. Companies prepare different budgets such as Cash budget, purchase budget, sales budget and other budgets for different expenses. Account Account is nothing technical but a very simple accounting term which is used to safe the transactions of each head at one place. Companies have different types of accounts such as supplier accounts for suppliers transaction information, sales, purchase, liability and asset accounts. All the business transaction are saved by the company by using these accounts at one place and then with the help of these accounts at the end of financial year the complete financial report is being prepared by the companies. Question No. 7 Business Cycle and documents required for final accounts? Business Cycle Every so often business climate are strong, with number ofÂÂ  jobs,ÂÂ   factor job overtimeÂÂ  and for a while business circumstances are feeble, and these ups and downs in business world are known as businessÂÂ  cycle. Economic history provides evidence that the financial position/economy of any company or country can never nurture in flat and even patterns. A country may benefit from quite a few years of healthyÂÂ  economicÂÂ  growth and richness, as the US did in the 90s. This growth period may be pursued by a depression or even a economic disaster. Eventually the economy reaches at lowest level, and then financial revival starts. The financialÂÂ  revival may be started with sluggish or rapid pace. It may be unfinished, or it may be so swift as to lead to a new boom in the economy. Success may denote a long, constant period of quick demand, abundant job opportunities, and rising living standards. Or a rapid, inflationary increase of prices, to be pursued by one more crash, may spot it. Rising and descending movements in yield, price raises,ÂÂ  interestÂÂ  rates, and new job opportunities shape the business cycle that considered allÂÂ  marketÂÂ  economies. Business cycle Source: https://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/economics Final account documentation All accounts must be prepared with a very detail and after rechecking so that no mistake would be published. Dealing with queries and obtaining missing documentation takes up valuable time not only for the Auditor Final account documentation must include where relevant all of the following: PL account, Balance sheet, cash flow statement, loans and assets accounts, expenses accounts and all other accounts should be updated Notes of the accounts Audit, corporate governance report Copies of all Instructions which were not previously provided to the Councils Representative A detailed variation account setting out the adjustments with measurements where appropriate and referenced to supporting documents. Day work Sheets Documents used in the calculation of loss and expense compensation Question No. 8 Bank and its financial Analysis Banks may have a two way interests into businesses. At one side banks are the institutions who lend the money to the companies at the time of their need. Hence banks and their management is keener to look the companies performance in order to know that whether that company will be able to return back the loan amount and the settled interest rate on that loan or not. The other perspective of banks to conduct the financial analysis on the companies is because banks collect the cash from their customers accounts and then further invest into a place from where banks can generate high profit margins to provide high rate of returns to their customers. For this reasons banks hire specialists and professionals to conduct financial analysis on market to aware from the companies financial health and make the decision where to invest for getting high rate of return. Financial Banks and their management highly needed to stay watchful about the information on the broader factors of the economy. B anks should also be very vigilant towards collecting the financial information of the companies operating their businesses. Most of the companies have their online press releases, information centres, and annual reports which are the best sources for getting the information. There are also authentic companies to conduct the market surveys which is another powerful source to collect the information regarding macro factors. Another reason which may force banks to conduct financial analysis of companies could be to fulfil the purpose of growth by acquiring the particular company. This provides the bank growth and another opportunity to invest in a company owned and managed by bank itself. Hence more likely the whole profit will be distributed among the banks rather than to get only dividends by investing into other companies. Investing into a well reputed firm and getting higher profits also provide high credibility to the bank which cause more customers for bank hence more funds available to invest hence more chances to earn high profits. So financial analysis is compulsory for banks to know the market and find out the best places to invest.