Donoghue V Stevenson Essay

Summary On August 26th 1928, Donoghue (plaintiff) and a friend were at a case in Glasgow, Scotland. Her friend ordered / purchased a bottle of ginger beer for Donoghue. The bottle was in an opaque bottle (dark glass material) as Donoghue was not aware of the contents. After, Donoghue drank some and her friend lifted the bottle to pour the remainder of the ginger beer into the glass. A remains of a snail in a state of decomposition dropped out of the bottle into the glass. Donoghue later complained of stomach pain and was diagnosed with gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock by a doctor. Donoghue subsequently took legal action seeking  £500 damages against the manufacturer of the ginger beer, Stevenson (Defendant). She was unsuccessful at trial and appealed the decision to the House of Lords. Issue 1. Is there liability in negligence for injury caused by another in the absence of a contract? 2. Does the manufacturer of a product owe duty of care to the consumer to take reasonable care that the product is free from defect? Judgement The issue was complex because her friend had purchased the drink, and that a contract had not been breached. So Donoghue’s lawyers had to claim that Stevenson had a duty of care to his consumers and that he had caused injury through negligence. The leading judgement, delivered by Lord Atkin in 1932, concluded that Stevenson should be responsible for the well-being of individuals who consumes their product. Among the reasons given by the judges that is related to the issues above: 1. Le Lievre v Gould established that â€Å"under certain circumstances, one man may owe a duty of care to another, even though there is no contract between them† 2. Negligence claims can be brought against people who owe you a duty of care. 3. A manufacturer has a duty of care to the ultimate consumer if either the consumer or the distributors he received the product from had a reasonable chance to inspect it. Firstly, that negligence is a different tort. A plaintiff can take civil action against a defendant, if the respondent’s negligence causes the plaintiff injury or loss of belongings. Previously the plaintiff had to demonstrate some contractual arrangement for negligence to be proven, such as the sale of an item or an agreement to provide a service. Since Donoghue had not purchased the drink, she could prove no contractual arrangement with Stevenson however Atkin’s judgement establis hed that Stevenson was still responsible for the integrity of his product. ‘The liability for negligence, whether you style it such or treat it as in other systems as a species of â€Å"culpa,† is no doubt based upon a general public sentiment of moral wrongdoing for which the offender must pay. But acts or omissions which any moral code would censure cannot, in a practical world, be treated so as to give a right to every person injured by them to demand relief’ Furthermore, manufacturers have a duty of care to consumers. According to Lord Atkin’s ratio decendi, â€Å"a manufacturer of products, which he sells to reach the ultimate consumer in the form in which they left him owes a duty to the consumer to take reasonable care†. This precedent has evolved and expanded to form the basis of laws that protect consumers from contaminated or faulty goods. These protections began as common law but many have since been codified in legislation, such as the Trade Practices Act. Thirdly, Lord Atkin’s controversial ‘neighbour principle’. Here Atkin raised the question of which people may be directly affected by our actions, our conduct or things we manufacture. â€Å"You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law, is my neighbour? The answer: persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought to have them in (mind) when I am I am [considering these] acts or omissions.† Lord Atkin: â€Å"The rule that you are to love your neighbour becomes in law you must not injure your neighbour. Reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbour. Who, then, in law is my neighbour? Persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that i ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when i am directing my mind to the acts or omissions which are called in question. Analysis I agree with the judgement of the issue that, the manufacturer does owe a duty of care to future consumers. Manufacturers are aware that production has the overall goal of its product that is to be consumed, and not simply to be purchased by a distributors or retailers. Therefore, taking into account all liabilities and reasonable care of what the product can cause to civilians. The reason being, that there is a liability of negligence present by the injury of another because in layman’s term, action conducted or carried forward must be foreseen and taken into consideration that it can harm society involved indirectly. Firstly, goods which are primarily purchased, used or consumed for personal, domestic or household purposes  which in this case Donoghue consumed a ginger beer in the cafà © and suffered injuries. Stevenson is liable for its product manufactured and as the plaintiff had suffered injury due to the consumption of the product it is due to the failure on the compliance to safety of goods supply and it is believe to fail its compliance on the rule ‘love you neighbour’ / duty of care. Second the manufacturer and the retailer included a price which consist of consideration in any form whether direct or indirect in relation to acquisition, where in this case the defendant sold the ginger beer that was consumed by Donoghue. In my opinion, a rule of safety standards according to Consumer Protection Act 1999 Section 18-23 should be carried should be taken into consideration by the defendant as it bring a better quality to goods served. As Stevenson did not take account of its product quality, its goods (ginger beer) contained a decomposed snail piece resulting in plaintiff injury ‘gastroenteritis and being in a state of severe shock’. Hence, manufactures owe a duty of care to Donoghue because Stevenson did not comply on the quality of the goods sold. Moreover, as application on this case to real life reason are our work, relaxation and our life in general, we must think about the well-being of people around us (our neighbours). We cannot simply plan out activities with no regard to the safety of all participants, including civilians. For  example, one person cannot execute work duties without concern for our fellow colleagues or our clients. We cannot leave uncovered holes in the track, or fail to shut gates where animals are restrained, or leave hazardous chemicals lying around. In a nutshell, if we don’t do the right thing as level deemed to be appropriate to the people involved, then we will be accused of exhibiting irresponsibility. Overall, in this case where the manufacturers or suppliers in respect of selling goods for the eventual consumption to consumers, have a duty to take reasonable care to consumers / â€Å"neighbours† to ensure that their products are safe for consumption and to take full responsibil ity in respect of a guarantees in the supply of goods. References Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Taylor, Martin R. (2008). â€Å"The Most Famous Litigant†. Donoghue v Stevenson Digital Resources. Scottish Council of Law Reporting. Retrieved 8 September 2012. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. 2015. SCLR – Resources – Donoghue v. Stevenson Case Report. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.scottishlawreports.org.uk/resources/dvs/donoghue-v-stevenson-report.html. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [ONLINE] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015]. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. 2015. Donoghue v Stevenson – Case Brief Wiki. [ONLINE] Available at: http://casebrief.wikia.com/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson. [Accessed 06 January 2015].

Color Imagery †The Great Gatsby Essay

Writers often use a variety of literary devices in their literature to relate to the themes of their stories. Imagery is just one of the many that are used to create the structure for the literary pieces. Imagery can be used to form images in the reader’s mind, appealing to the human senses. F. Scott Fitzgerald, the mind behind the American Modernist novel The Great Gatsby, uses a specific form of this literary device, which is color imagery, to make a more meaningful visual experience for the reader. Patterns of certain colors represent recurring themes in the story as a whole. In The Great Gatsby, certain characters portray the significance of colors in the color theory. Jay Gatsby, Daisy Buchanan, and Jordan Baker’s actions in the story prove this point through their actions and their words. Fitzgerald’s story contains an aspect of wealth, and each character goes about it in his or her own way, connecting back to the imagery the author uses. By examining the desire for power, material possession, dishonesty, and deception, it is clear that the colors yellow and gold are used to represent these themes. Fitzgerald’s color imagery is clear when yellow is used to describe situations of greed and the desire for power throughout the story. In The Great Gatsby, there are several characters who wish to have more, who are never satisfied with what they have. They become greedy, and their actions, as small as some are, help to prove this. Daisy Buchanan is Jay Gatsby’s love interest in the story. However, it is known that she is married to Tom Buchanan, and that they have a child together. The narrator of the story, Nick Carraway, describes Tom as an aggressive, arrogant, self-absorbed, man. His aggressiveness leads him to verbally and physically abuse Daisy. One may believe that the best situation would be for her to simply leave Tom in order for her to have a better life. The thing is that Daisy cannot get herself to do that because she craves power and wealth. Daisy is observed by Nick, and is described as being â€Å"in white, her dress rippling and fluttering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (8). When thinking of an actual daisy flower, it’s known that a daisy has white petals with a yellow center. In the story, Mrs. Buchanan is in a white dress, exhibiting purity and innocence, but the yellow inside clearly shows she is full of nothing but greed. She stays with Tom, an abusive husband, because she enjoys having a luxurious life. Daisy does indeed represent a daisy flower, with her true color, yellow, showing through her actions. Along with Daisy, George Wilson subtly shows a desire for more in the story. According to Nick, George is â€Å"a blonde, spiritless man†¦ and fairly handsome† (25). Mr. Wilson’s hair is blonde, which ties with yellow in the story. When Tom Buchanan visits George in the Valley of Ashes, the first thing he says to Tom is, â€Å"When are you going to sell me that car? † (25). George knows that Tom is a wealthy man, and although not being straightforward with it, George wants more than what he has with his dull life in the Valley of Ashes. His blonde hair shows that because the author’s use of yellow shows the greed and the desire for power in the story. Fitzgerald applies his color imagery to The Great Gatsby in a very sophisticated way because he uses a single color to express multiple ideas. Not only do yellow and gold display a craving for more, but it also shows the material wealth that someone can have. As discussed earlier, Tom Buchanan and Daisy Buchanan lead lives of great affluence. They live in the East Egg, the more extravagant of the two Eggs, in Long Island, New York. As the narrator of the story observes the couple’s beautiful mansion, he says it has a â€Å"front broken by a line of French windows, glowing now with reflected gold and wide open to the warm, windy afternoon†¦ (6). Nick’s portrayal of the luxurious Buchanan home and life using gold shows how the author uses the color to represent material possession. While Nick Carraway spends time describing the Buchanans’ affluence, his own material possession is also depicted. Nick’s love interest in the story is a woman named Jordan Baker. He spends a significant amount of time with her, and recounts what kind of stuff they do together. At one of Gatsby’s great parties, Nick is with Jordan, when he says, â€Å"With Jordan’s slender golden arm resting in mine, we descended the steps and sauntered the garden† (43). Nick has Jordan Baker’s â€Å"golden arm† in his, which shows how he clearly sees her as some sort of righteous prize, a possession of his. The gold is used to make Jordan Nick’s very own material possession. That is how Fitzgerald expresses yellow and gold when relating to this theme. Misleading and being dishonest are two of the things that several characters do in The Great Gatsby to portray themselves as better, or just simply different. In this story, dishonesty and deception are expressed by the author. Many in the story wonder how Jay Gatsby became this extremely rich man. Mystery surrounds Mr. Gatsby, and it is learned that it is his purpose to keep it a mystery. When he picks up Nick Carraway in his yellow Rolls-Royce he tells him some details about his origin. However, Nick is immediately suspicious of what Mr. Gatsby is telling him in his yellow car. He tells Nick to be wary about what rumors he hears about Gatsby, and he tells him about Oxford and his status in the military. Gatsby seems to be trying very hard to create an image of himself that simply is not accurate. Gatsby is so full of deception that Nick somehow â€Å"manages to restrain his incredulous laughter† (66). The narrator knows for a fact that something just does not add up, and this all happens in the luxurious yellow vehicle. While in the car, Gatsby is dishonest to Nick for the first time. He may have shown â€Å"evidence†, but Nick knows that Gatsby is deceiving him in a way. Another character close to the narrator also displays very misleading behavior. Not unlike Daisy Buchanan, Jordan Baker is described as having a delicate white dress, making her seem like a pristine, pure object. Nevertheless, Nick also observes Miss Baker’s â€Å"autumn-leaf yellow hair† (17). The narrator learns that Jordan is not all that truthful when he realizes that she did not play fair in a gold tournament once. Nick says, â€Å"At her first big gold tournament there was a suggestion that she had moved her ball from a bad lie in the semi-final round†¦ she was incurably dishonest† (57-58). Her dishonesty ties back to the narrative description of her yellow hair. All in all, the author clearly displays yellow as a color of deception and fraud. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s use of color imagery in The Great Gatsby not only makes a clear picture in the reader’s mind, but it also helps to relate to the broader themes of the whole story. He uses color patterns and attaches colors to certain images to craft a big idea using few words. More specifically, the yellow and gold patterns portray the themes of greed, desire for power, material possession, and dishonesty. Daisy Buchanan wanting to keep her power despite having to stay with Tom, Nick’s prize in Jordan Baker, and Gatsby’s apparent deception all fall under the color yellow. This again shows Fitzgerald’s multiple ideas under a single color. The many examples and patterns of one color are not coincidental, and that is why yellow and gold tie perfectly into the story in regards to representing themes and motifs in The Great Gatsby.

Financial Accounting and procedures required in a company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3682 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? To form a limited firm in the UK, following few documents are needed to send to Companies House for registering it: IN01 application form to enlist a firm which includes One address for the firms registered office, Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial Accounting and procedures required in a company" essay for you Create order Different type of articles, Also pre defined names and address for the directors of the firms, It also includes the statement for the initial and total capital (paid up or un paid) and the initial number of shares that company is going to offer. Memorandum of AssociationÂÂ   Giving the names of each subscriber and verification that each member is approved to turn into members of that firm Articles of AssociationÂÂ   The document entails how the firm will perform its business operations, shareholder key rights, constrained substances if the firm has any and the details powers of companys directors. Additional informationÂÂ   If the application includes a prescribed or sensitive word or expression or according to application if any other document demands by the company house, company has to fulfil to proceed the registration process. Requirements for Registering Public Limited Companies (PLC) Before any business can start operating as a limited company in UK, it has to be registered with the Registrar of Companies at Companies House. IncorporationÂÂ  is the process by which a new or existing business is formed as a company and can sell its share in stock exchange to gather share capital. A public limited company (plc) must fulfil these requirements: Company that is going to be limited must show that it has at least two directors who may also be members of the company. The company also must have the one individual director at least. The selected directors for the company should be aged 16 or over 16. The company must also have one qualified secretary at least. You cannot choose a name for the firm that is the same as an existing firm. It does not include any receptive words and jargon that need sanction from Companies House. For example, a firm is not authorized to select a name which comprises words that are potentially misleading, such as international if the company is operating business only in UK. When the plc firm is free to operate its business? Unless the company house provides the trade certificate to the firm it cannot perform its operations and that the certificate will be issued by the company house when the company has the minimum required capital and this minimum amount for capital is 50,000 for UK plc business. Question No. 2 Different Stakeholders and their interests In Company? Stakeholders Employees and workers of the company It is common concurrence that employees are major stakeholders because employees have the direct impact on performance of company and equally they have interest regarding their salaries, benefits and careers. Shareholders Shareholders of the company hold the shares which make them owners and mostly they are considered to be top priority stakeholders of the company because of their ownership. Since shareholders are owners of the company so they have desperate concern with business and this makes them the top stakeholder of firm. Management of the company It is somehow notorious debate among business personnel that management of the company is stakeholder of the company or not. Freeman and Evan supported the view as managers are directly involved to keep balance among the other stakeholders demand and fulfil them wisely and this extra responsibility of managers include them in stakeholders of the company. Controversial, but some believe that managers are stakeholders As the managers also employees of the company but their high responsibility towards companys performance make them a separate stakeholder from employees. Creditors Creditors or suppliers of the company also somehow involve in the ownership if company provides them the security by offering them right of sales of the assets which make them stakeholders. Creditors also have high interest because of their lending amounts which they offer to the company and interest payments which they get back from company. If the company performs poor that means there is risk to lose their payment and interest hence this interest makes them stakeholders. Trade unions Since trade unions also have somehow impact or effect on the decision making of the company and this makes them the stakeholder of the company. Customers Customers of the company are also very key stakeholders. Because sales/profitability of the company depends upon customers and equally companys policies also affect the customers and their buying attitudes. Suppliers Often considered a stakeholder because company gets raw material for production and equally suppliers have to get payments in result of these raw material supplies. So this interest makes the suppliers as one of the key stakeholder of the company. Government Government is also stakeholder as government has high interest in any company regarding the tax. High the profit high the tax company has to pay. Local community The local community around the company where it operates the business is also included into the stakeholders of the company. Corporate social responsibility concept is an emerging concept and very important in companys growth so this shows that the local community around the company is also stakeholder of the company. Stakeholders interests (conflicts among the interests of firms stakeholders) Since each of the firm has different stakeholders and these different stakeholders have the different benefits and interests in firm. These different interests may create conflict among the stakeholders and also create trouble position for the management. Common concerns of the stakeholders Companys stockholders and the employees have the common concerns with the company because they both want company earns high profitability so that company may return them with higher return and salaries. High salaries, job security, growth of the business, and high dividend are the interests of the shareholders and employees which are commonly associated with the high profitability. Creditors and suppliers also have the high profit interest in company because it may provide help to the company to return back their credits soon. Conflicting Concerns of the stakeholders Increase in wages and salaries in shape of high return may affect on the dividend amounts. Management often concerned with high profit and further investment of that profit into the business which may sacrifice the dividend for shareholders. By investing the huge amount of profit on growth of the company may not bring the positivity in society and management may postpone the aim of community and environment betterment. Major Stakeholders of the Company Source: www.themanager.org Question No. 2 Reasons for Monitoring the Financial Performance of Business All the stakeholders and stockholders of the company are in favour that efficient corporate governance needs the defined rules and regulations in company. The main principle of all stakeholders is to get timely and accurate information regarding their each concerning matter. To make it sure a company should practice the fair procedures and policies to monitor its financial performance so that the goal of disseminating the right information to the right person at right time can be fulfilled. Monitoring the financial performance of business provides benefits in following ways: Transparency Full expos of non financial and financial information let the stakeholders to approach on transparent information. If there is no transparency into financial system a company may face fraud and can deceive the stakeholders with mislead information. So to avoid these all scams a company should have to implement and follow the monitoring system that transparently expand all the financial information to companys stakeholders. Answerability Accountability is very necessary to monitor the management performance whether it is performing in favour of the company or not and if necessary replace the management. There must be authentic, independent and authoritative body to monitor and control the management performance. Fairness Equitable treatment of investors and their investments is another reason to implement the monitoring system. Through proper monitoring system a company can ensure that the money of investors is properly and fairly invested into profitable investments. If there is no monitoring system company may lose its profits by investing into wrong investments. Responsibility Ensuring the corporation fulfils its proper role in society by investing something for the betterment of community. Profitability Is the business profitable or it is facing loss. How to manage the operations of the company to increase the overall performance and what suitable financial structure should be adopted by the company to generate and manage the business finance. What corrective measures a company can adopt to change its loss into profits. How to manage the profitability and even can enhance the profitability. What will be the suitable combination of policies for the company? So, all above questions indicate that without financial monitoring system a company cannot answer these questions. Size Whether the company has enough growth or size to produce the desired level of profitability? What the key changes that company should have to implement in growth, finance and operating performance to achieve the desired profitability? While checking the current financial resources company has to invest accordingly. May be currently company has available funds but due to higher cash outflows this could create problem for company in future. So after monitoring the size of company and size of investment, company should have to invest to achieve profitability from the investment. Growth Can the business grow to maintain or improve its long-term competitive position? What is a sustainable rate of growth for this business? Would the project provide the growth to business? A company can get answers for all such questions by implementing the continuous monitoring on financial performance of the company. Question No. 4 Explain Link between Balance sheet and Profit Loss Account? Balance sheetÂÂ   A balance sheet is a main statement in the annual report that shows a current economic situation of the form at a specific point, and this financial statement is presented at the end of each fiscal year, but for the accounts of management, short-term financial statements can be prepared by the company which can be prepared at any date.ÂÂ   It consists of the firms long term assets, short term assets, short term liabilities, fixed liabilities and provisions, the abstract of which is the net assets, or shortage, of the company. Profit and loss account The profit and loss account is another chief statement in the annual report that shows a firms performance over a specific time period.ÂÂ  Being a firms performance report the profit loss account explains the financial gains and also explains how the firm has done the fair business during this fiscal year and what profitability the firm has earned or what loss company has suffered. The profit and loss account includes of sales and all other sources of income generation for business, direct costs of business, overheads and expenses, financial costs and the government tax payable expenses. The Linkage Regardless of being two entirely different chief financial reports the balance sheet and the profit and loss account are somehow linked between each other. As the bottom part of the balance sheet report includes the profit and loss reserves, which indicates the profit retained by the company by not paying the full dividend to its stockholders with the future investment purpose. So in short the balance sheet statement provides overview of the financial health of the company at an accurate point, in contrast the profit and loss account statement expresses the financial gains of the company for the whole/current fiscal year.ÂÂ   Both balance sheet and profit loss statements have their own benefits and useful to review and analyze the companys financial position, however without assessing and viewing both statements financial position cannot be judged by individually viewing any of statement. Above statement can be backed by the following illustration that if a profit loss statement presenting the huge loss and would be de moralised its market worth and owners interests but having look on the balance sheet might clear the idea which shows the companys provision has further increase may cause the reduce profitability and loss. Provisions are simply an accounting entry that influences profitability but not the cash-flow of the company, so on the basis of this the presentation that company is not performing that bad as profit loss statement has showed. Conclusion Both statements profit loss account and balance sheet statement are as significant as each other and no solitary statement is measured to be more helpful than the other. To completely understanding the companys financial performance where the reader of accounts need to know what the balance sheet and profit loss statements are but also to know the relationship between these key statements and how positively and negatively they interact with each other. Question No. 4 Explain the Break-Even point and give examples? Break Even Analysis Break-Even is the volume where all Fixed Expenses of the business are covered or one can say that the point in business where the sales equal the total expenses. The point where is no profit and no loss for the company. All the new business must forecast what the total sales figures should be to satisfy its business expenses and after this to earn the profitability. To know or forecast the breakeven point for the company is beneficial for the business in case that it can find the new ways and approaches to cut down the expenses to increase the profits of the company. Reducing admin expenses, job cut downs and other un-necessary expenses may be reduced when the company knows the breakeven point to increase the profits. Through fixed expenses analysis, company can start to assess its breakeven point. To understand the breakeven concept lets take an example: Admin expenses 1,500 Rent expenses 800 Other Utilities expenses 300 Insurance expenses 150 Tax expenses 210 Telephone bill expenses 240 Auto expenses 400 Supplies expenses 100 Advertising expenses 300 Financial Interest expense 100 Miscellaneous expenses 400 Total 4,500 Gross profit margin 30% of total expenses These are the expenses that must be covered by the gross profit (sales cost of goods sold). Gross margin percentage and the total fixed expenses figures are very essential in this example and if total fixed expenses are supposed as 10000 and gross profit percentage is given as 30% then the breakeven point after all calculation would be 40000. Example of break even Q. A newspaper agency business has fixed costs of 2500 per month. Its average sales price per item is 15, and its variable costs are on average 5 per item. How many items does it need to sell to break-even? Q = FCÂÂ  / (UPÂÂ   VC) Q = Breakeven figure, i.e., Units of production (Q), FCÂÂ  = Fixed Costs, VCÂÂ  = Variable Costs per Unit UPÂÂ  = Unit Price Therefore, Break-Even Point Q = Fixed Cost / (Unit Price Variable Unit Cost) = 2500 / (15 -5) = 250 So if the company sales 250 items it will be break-even point where the total fixed cost will be satisfied and no profit will be gained by the company. For getting profit company has to sales more than 250 items. Question No.6 Explain Budgeting and difference between budget and Account? Budgeting After the eighteenth centurys industrial revolution the business entities started use of budgeting into their businesses to forecast the future conditions that companies may face. To prepare a right budget in those days and even in these days is very challenging for the management of every company. Every department, team and group among company may have their own budgets but most of the companies have their overall final business for the whole of its business. Budgeting for small companies with limited products is simple but for the international business with number of product lines is really very challenging task. Budgeting is something to forecast the future of the business and accordingly allocate the resources. Budget Budget is a written document or evidence of all the income and expenditures that company would have earn or expense for the particular period which is normally one fiscal year. It can be prepared at organization level, department level, group level, team level or even for individuals. Businesses, governments, ministries, local authorities, NGOs and even individuals prepare their budgets and use them into their businesses for controlling the expenses. Budgets always prepare in advance and budgeting is one strong aspect of budget which means analyzing the future situation of business in advance, think about contact and implication of things in progress and tend to control the future situation in advance to secure the business. Companies use a budget as a payments plan to assign their incomes to cover their expenses and to track how closely the actual expenditures line up with what the companies had planned to spend on certain heads or overall about all the business expenditures. An essential part of budgeting is creating an emergency fund, which the company can use to cover its unexpected expenses in case of over spending during the year. The company also wants to budget a percentage of its income for saving and investing. So budget is also a very good tool to measure whether the company is performing well according to plan into particular discipline what the budget has been prepared for or the department is over spending. All the governments also prepare budgets to rule their expenses for a financial year same as businesses they make usual modifications to reflect financial reality. And, like businesses, governments can find themselves in trouble if their spending outpaces their income. Companies prepare different budgets such as Cash budget, purchase budget, sales budget and other budgets for different expenses. Account Account is nothing technical but a very simple accounting term which is used to safe the transactions of each head at one place. Companies have different types of accounts such as supplier accounts for suppliers transaction information, sales, purchase, liability and asset accounts. All the business transaction are saved by the company by using these accounts at one place and then with the help of these accounts at the end of financial year the complete financial report is being prepared by the companies. Question No. 7 Business Cycle and documents required for final accounts? Business Cycle Every so often business climate are strong, with number ofÂÂ  jobs,ÂÂ   factor job overtimeÂÂ  and for a while business circumstances are feeble, and these ups and downs in business world are known as businessÂÂ  cycle. Economic history provides evidence that the financial position/economy of any company or country can never nurture in flat and even patterns. A country may benefit from quite a few years of healthyÂÂ  economicÂÂ  growth and richness, as the US did in the 90s. This growth period may be pursued by a depression or even a economic disaster. Eventually the economy reaches at lowest level, and then financial revival starts. The financialÂÂ  revival may be started with sluggish or rapid pace. It may be unfinished, or it may be so swift as to lead to a new boom in the economy. Success may denote a long, constant period of quick demand, abundant job opportunities, and rising living standards. Or a rapid, inflationary increase of prices, to be pursued by one more crash, may spot it. Rising and descending movements in yield, price raises,ÂÂ  interestÂÂ  rates, and new job opportunities shape the business cycle that considered allÂÂ  marketÂÂ  economies. Business cycle Source: https://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/economics Final account documentation All accounts must be prepared with a very detail and after rechecking so that no mistake would be published. Dealing with queries and obtaining missing documentation takes up valuable time not only for the Auditor Final account documentation must include where relevant all of the following: PL account, Balance sheet, cash flow statement, loans and assets accounts, expenses accounts and all other accounts should be updated Notes of the accounts Audit, corporate governance report Copies of all Instructions which were not previously provided to the Councils Representative A detailed variation account setting out the adjustments with measurements where appropriate and referenced to supporting documents. Day work Sheets Documents used in the calculation of loss and expense compensation Question No. 8 Bank and its financial Analysis Banks may have a two way interests into businesses. At one side banks are the institutions who lend the money to the companies at the time of their need. Hence banks and their management is keener to look the companies performance in order to know that whether that company will be able to return back the loan amount and the settled interest rate on that loan or not. The other perspective of banks to conduct the financial analysis on the companies is because banks collect the cash from their customers accounts and then further invest into a place from where banks can generate high profit margins to provide high rate of returns to their customers. For this reasons banks hire specialists and professionals to conduct financial analysis on market to aware from the companies financial health and make the decision where to invest for getting high rate of return. Financial Banks and their management highly needed to stay watchful about the information on the broader factors of the economy. B anks should also be very vigilant towards collecting the financial information of the companies operating their businesses. Most of the companies have their online press releases, information centres, and annual reports which are the best sources for getting the information. There are also authentic companies to conduct the market surveys which is another powerful source to collect the information regarding macro factors. Another reason which may force banks to conduct financial analysis of companies could be to fulfil the purpose of growth by acquiring the particular company. This provides the bank growth and another opportunity to invest in a company owned and managed by bank itself. Hence more likely the whole profit will be distributed among the banks rather than to get only dividends by investing into other companies. Investing into a well reputed firm and getting higher profits also provide high credibility to the bank which cause more customers for bank hence more funds available to invest hence more chances to earn high profits. So financial analysis is compulsory for banks to know the market and find out the best places to invest.

Meitnerium Facts - Mt or Element 109

Meitnerium (Mt) is element 109 on the periodic table. Its one of the few elements that suffered no dispute concerning its discovery or name. Here is a collection of interesting Mt facts, including the elements history, properties, uses, and atomic data. Interesting Meitnerium Element Facts Meitnerium is a solid, radioactive metal at room temperature. Very little is known about its physical and chemical properties, but based on trends in the periodic table, it is believed to behave as a transition metal, like the other actinide elements. Meitnerium is expected to possess properties similar to its lighter homologous element, iridium. It should also share some common properties with cobalt and rhodium.Meitnerium is a man-made element that does not occur in nature. It was first synthesized by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Munzenberg in 1982 at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt. A single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266 was observed from bombardment of a bismuth-209 target with accelerated iron-58 nuclei. Not only did this process create a new element, but it was the first successful demonstration of the use of fusion to synthesize heavy, new atomic nuclei.Placeholder names for the element, before its formal discovery, includ ed eka-iridium and unnilennium (symbol Une). However, most people simply referred to it as element 109. The only name proposed for the discovered element was meitnerium (Mt), in honor of Austrian physicist Lise Meitner, who was one of the discoverers of nuclear fission and the co-discoverer of the element protactinium (together with Otto Hahn). The name was recommended to the IUPAC in 1994 and formally adopted in 1997. Meitnerium and curium are the only elements named for non-mythological women (although Curium is named in honor of both Pierre and Marie Curie). Meitnerium Atomic Data Symbol: Mt Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Mass: [278] Group: d-block of Group 9 (Transition Metals) Period: Period 7 (Actinides) Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f146d77s2   Melting Point: unknown Boiling Point: unknown Density:  The density of Mt metal is calculated to be 37.4 g/cm3 at room temperature. This would give the element the second-highest density of the known elements, after neighboring element hassium, which has a predicted density of 41 g/cm3. Oxidation States: predicted to be 9. 8. 6. 4. 3. 1 with the 3 state as the most stable in aqueous solution Magnetic Ordering: predicted to be paramagnetic Crystal Structure: predicted to be face-centered cubic Discovered: 1982 Isotopes: There are 15 isotopes of meitnerium, which are all radioactive. Eight isotopes have known half-lives with mass numbers ranging from 266 to 279. The most stable isotope is meitnerium-278, which has a half-life of approximately 8 seconds. Mt-237 decays into bohrium-274 via alpha decay. The heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter ones. Most meitnerium isotopes undergo alpha decay, although a few undergo spontaneous fission into lighter nuclei. Researchers suspected Mt-271 would be a relatively stable isotope because it would have 162 neutrons (a magic number), yet attempts by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory to synthesize this isotope in 2002-2003 were unsuccessful. Sources of Meitnerium: Meitnerium may be produced either by fusion two atomic nuclei together or via the decay of heavier elements. Uses of Meitnerium: Meitneriums primary use is for scientific research, since only minute amounts of this element have ever been produced. The element plays no biological role and is expected to be toxic due to its inherent radioactivity. Its chemical properties are expected to be similar to noble metals, so if enough of the element is ever produced, it might be relatively safe to handle. Sources Emsley, John (2011).  Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 492–98. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).  Chemistry of the Elements  (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Rife, Patricia (2003). Meitnerium. Chemical Engineering News. 81 (36): 186. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p186Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

Reflection Of Citizen Kane - 758 Words

The 1941 film Citizen Kane was written, directed, co-produced and starred by Orson Welles. The film won an Academy Award in 1942 for Best Screenplay and was also nominated for 8 other categories in the same year. The black and white movie was a hit for its time. The film challenged the traditional narrative and technical elements of the classic Hollywood cinema on multiple levels, especially for this time period in history. One of the first traditional narratives that Welles challenged was the order of events in the movie. Most films present their stories in chronological order, Citizen Kane does not do this. The film opens with narrated scenes of the entire life of Charles Foster Kane, however the series of events goes from the later†¦show more content†¦The plot duration is the time it took for Jerry Thompson to interview Kane’s ex-wife and friends in search of answers on Kane’s life and death, this took approximately one week. And then the screen duration is the entire movie, this would be almost 2 hours in length. (Barsam, Monahan 143) The setting in the movie is the time and place of the story. Citizen Kane showed multiple settings a many different times. The death had a setting of Kane alone in his home in his later years, in the 1940s. Other settings included an estate in Florida called Xanadu, where Kane and his wife Susan lived in his later years. Another setting was a music hall that Kane owned and where Susan performed for audiences, this as well was in his later years. His younger years included settings of his businesses are also shown throughout the first of the film. Thompson’s interviews of Kane’s ex-wife, his colleagues, his friends and even his butler provide settings of their locations (after his death) and then their flashbacks to Kane’s life including those time periods and settings. Another way that Welles challenged the technical elements of the Hollywood cinema was through the mise-en-sce`ne. Mise-en-sce`ne is the staging or the action of putting on a scene. One of the concepts in putting on a scene or staging is the illusion created from the lighting and camera angles. In one scene in the movie, Kane is in one door way watching his wife Susan leave out of their home,Show MoreRelatedReflection Of Citizen Kane757 Words   |  4 PagesOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane is a revolutionary film. Although it might not look like much to the modern viewer, many aspects of the film were the first of their kind to appear and are still used today. One thing I noticed throughout the film was the use of reflections. The movie starts off with a montage of images of Xanadu, Charles Kane’s personal estate. One of the shots includes a beautiful reflection of the building in the water. When Kane dies and drops the snow globe, you see the nurse’s reflectionRead MoreCitizen Kane As A Dramatic Tragedy1372 Words   |  6 PagesThe 1941 film, Citizen Kane, is a dramatic tragedy that chronicles the life of Charles Foster Kane from boyhood to newspaper magnate. Along the way, characters try to figure out what life really means and question if the â€Å"American Dream† is really all it is cracked up to be. Directed by Orson Welles with cinematography by Gregg Toland, the film won the New York Film Critics Award as best picture, and received nine Academy Award nominations, but won only one for best Screenplay for Welles and HermanRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Citizen Kane1299 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen Kane incorporates a well-rounded variety of shots and angles that make the film more entertaining. This movie is significant because the American people will always be able to relate to it. There will always be a rich politician who wants to change things for the better. Sometimes, scandal and broken promises ensue. The American people will always want someone that they can trust to make their lives better. It is interesting to note that this film combines multiple genres, giving it a factorRead MoreOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) and Akira Kurosawa’s Rashomon (1950)1852 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction: At first glance, Citizen Kane and Rashomon seem structurally similar to each other and as well each explores the concept of truth. They both use multiple narratives to tell their stories; however, the idea of truth is handled differently in each. Citizen Kane is a fictionalized documentary about the life of wealthy newspaperman Charles Kane. In Rashomon, while each narration widens understanding of the motivations of the narrators of the event, only one of the varying accounts isRead MoreCitizen Kane : Character Analysis : Citizen Kane1337 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis: Kane Citizen Kane one of the consistently top ranked films of all time, A film that would change the course and style of film from that point on Its ability to direct the audience’s attention with its many remarkable and breath-taking scenes. It employed many new cinematic and innovative techniques that apply to lighting, sound mixing and editing that been emulated ever since. The character that we see take the greatest advantages of these new techniques is Charles Foster Kane, utilizingRead MoreGreat Gatsby and Citizen Kane compare and contrast Essay examples677 Words   |  3 Pages The Great Gatsby Citizen Kane You are today where your thoughts have brought you; you will be tomorrow where your thoughts take you. - James Allen The Great Gatsby and Citizen Kane are both classic American stories about the so called â€Å"American Dream†. The main characters in both stories are Mr. Gatsby and Mr. Kane. They each come from similar backgrounds. They also both hold much power as adults. A difference between the two is one chose their way of living the other did not. He wasRead MoreWhy Citizen Kane is the Best Movie Ever Made Essay760 Words   |  4 PagesThe debate over Casablanca and Citizen Kane has been a classic argument between film critics and historians alike, and this is because both of these pieces are timeless pictures that have managed to captivate audiences well after their era. On a broad spectrum analysis this is an apples and oranges debate as the two films both have great cinematographic value but for different reasons. However, the real question at hand is which film is the greatest? Which film transformed the future of AmericanRead MoreCitizen Kane Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesCiti zen Kane Citizen Kane is often called the greatest film ever made. Its use of film techniques often taken for granted nowadays were completely new and had not been done before. Simple things like ceilings on the sets and realistic scenes such as the newsreel, which would not stand out in a modern film, were combined to make a film full of innovative techniques. The director, Orson Welles, developed the use of deep focus to make the flat cinema screen almost becomeRead MoreEssay on Citizen Cane Questionaire1377 Words   |  6 PagesCitizen Kane Questionnaire View the movie CITIZEN KANE (1941) for discussion in class on week four and to submit week five. Be sure to view the film at least twice before workshop number four. Read the information in this syllabus about this movie. Research it online at http://www.filmsite.org/citi.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_Kane, http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0033467/, http://www.cinepad.com/reviews/kane.htm, etc. Then complete the following questionnaire A. Literary ElementsRead More Citizen Kane: Exposing the Truth about William Randolph Hearst3876 Words   |  16 PagesCitizen Kane: Exposing the Truth about William Randolph Hearst Many have called Citizen Kane the greatest cinematic achievement of all time. It is indeed a true masterpiece of acting, screen writing, and directing. Orson Welles, its young genius director, lead actor, and a co-writer, used the best talents and techniques of the day (Bordwell 103) to tell the story of a newspaper giant, Charles Kane, through the eyes of the people who loved and hated him. However, when it came out, it was scorned

Islam And Buddhism Essay Example For Students

Islam And Buddhism Essay Islam and Buddhism are two distinct religious traditions that provide their ownmeaningful responses to the fundamental questions about life. Their views onissues relating to the possibility of a Supreme Being, the purpose of life andtheir understanding of the cycle of life and death are all quite distinct fromeach other, but at the same time, having minor similarities. These can be seenin the following comparative study between the teachings of these two worldreligions. Is there a Supreme Being? What is the nature of the divine? AllMuslims profess the existence of the One and Only God, God Almighty who is alsoreferred to as Allah. They firmly believe that Allah is the most high andhonored, the creator and the sustainer of all that exists and he has no physicalconnections between any thing he has created whether it be the creatures orhuman beings on this earth. He has no beginning and no end. Allah has nophysical dimensions like hunger, sleep or rest for he is the one who gives suchattributes to his creatures. Buddhism on the other hand, recognises no creatorgod who initially brought the universe into existence and continues to controlit in the way that Allah controls everything that is or happens in the universefrom the smallest to the greatest events. The founder of Buddhism, who is knownas Buddha, did not want to be worshipped as a god. He taught that people wouldbe happier if they took responsibility for their own thoughts and actions. Histeachings were simply a guide for living. Muslims can some what relate to thisin the way they are taught to be responsible for their own actions and sins. Thetwo religions are also similar in the way they both believe in the concept ofgod/s existing in the afterlife. Muslims firmly believe in the existence ofAllah in heaven while Buddhists consider the possibility of gods existing in theheavens that their karma has created. What is the purpose of life? Islam teachesthat God created human beings and endowed them with immortal souls. Eachindividual possesses the quality of uniqueness and the duty of each person is towork out his or her own destiny and each is responsible for his or her ownaction. Buddhists would say that rather than being created by a Supreme Being,humans actually got themselves born due to karma made in past lives. This wasmade with a particular father and mother with whom we have karmic connections.Islam also teaches that the task of a human being is to make a sincere effortand strive to do his/her best. Islam discourages its followers to sit inresignation. However, whatever results from effort is to come from Godsdecision and should be accepted with patience. At the same time, giving thanksand praise to God is also part of the central purpose in life. In contrast toBuddhism teachings, Buddha did not want to be worshipped as a god, but instead,taught people that the central idea of life was to reach as sense ofincomprehensible peace in their minds. In Islam, life is essentially preparationfor the Day of Judgement when Allah will call all people to hear an account ofhow they have lived. This will determine their destiny after life. On the otherhand, Buddhists believe that humans are on this earth because of the evil thingsthat they have committed in past lives and the main purpose of life is to reachthe state of enlightenment. To escape the cycle of rebirth is to enter thesupreme reality of Nirvana where there is freedom and bliss. .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .postImageUrl , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:hover , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:visited , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:active { border:0!important; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:active , .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3 .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u832b956bcb9a0a3b79f2952819ed07e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bacteria Reproduction Essay To attain nirvanais simply to be out of existence. The way in which Buddhists are taught to goabout this is to devote their life to compassion, charity, and non-violence andto clear their mind of all content and learn to drift away from theconsciousness of this world. How do we understand the cycle of life and death?Is there life after death? In Islam, life on earth is considered to be a minutepart of the totality of existence. The life in the hereafter is of eternalduration. Every individual is accountable for his performance in the worldlylife and is answerable in front of God on the Day of Judgement. On this day, Godwill raise every one from the dead and he will allow those who have lived a goodlife to enter the paradise of heaven and those who have done evil will bepunished by suffering in the torment of hell. People will be judged not only ontheir deeds but also on their faith. Believers may have their sins forgiven orundergo a period of punishment and will go to heaven, but disbeliveers will goto hell. They had their chance to turn to Allah and now it is too late. Onlywhen they have complete submission to God may they be salvaged. In contrast toBuddhist teachings, our future lives may or may not be in a human form butwhile we are on this earth we may continue to be reborn due to the evil thingsthat we have committed in our past lives. Buddhists consider rebirth as anotherchance to work toward realisation, while Allah considers life to be the onlychance of proving your worthiness to God so that you may enter Heaven. The waysin which both religions encourage people to go about reaching Supreme Reality(whether it be reaching Heaven or Nirvana), are also different to each other. InBuddhism, the only way to escape the cycle of rebirth is by following theNoble Eight-fold Path, a strict ethical system and by committingourselves to meditation so that we are no longer conscious of this world. Asstated before, Muslims are worthy of entering Heaven if they have completelysubmitted to God and if they have performed good deeds, while Buddhists mainlyfocus on the importance of attaining peace in ones mind so they can reachNirvana. An average Muslim believes that God gives life and death and that deathmay come at any time, thus, every one should try to send on ahead for good deedsthat will earn the pleasure of God. With this perception, a Muslim has to live avirtuous life all the time. Buddhists also believe in living a virtuous life allthe time, but rather than it being for the purpose of pleasing a god, it ismainly for reaching enlightenment. Conclusion In summary, the two worldreligions share both similar and distinguishing beliefs on their variousteachings of life and the existence of Supreme Beings. Their major differencesare mainly that Buddhism ignores the issue of a Supreme Being, while Muslimsconsider Allah as the One and Only God who created this earth. Buddhism alsoteaches that humans can be reincarnated when they die, while in Muslims believethat after death, there is a life of eternal duration. Although their mainsimilarities are minor, the two religions can relate to the existence of asupreme reality after life on earth, with Buddhists believing in Nirvana andMuslims believing in Heaven. The religions also believe in committing good deedsin order to enter these supreme realities.

Spiritual Healing Essay Example For Students

Spiritual Healing Essay An Exploration of Spiritual HealingThroughout time, mankind has constantly been seeking ways to maintain their health and to cure those that had not been so fortunate in that task. Just about everything has been experimented with as a cure for some type of illness; whether physical or mental. There is also a third type of illness that can and is addressed, which is healing on the spiritual plan. According to research, most of the spiritual healers are concentrated in primitive societies and undeveloped areas of the world. However, there are still undertones of reliance on spiritual healing in modern medicine today and there are some in civilized, well developed parts of the world that have rejected modern medicine all together and adopted alternative healing methods.Even a person who does not believe in a higher being actually takes part in this type cure simply by allowing the chemical medicines in his/her body to mend what is wrong. No matter what class of society a person is in, n o matter how advanced that particular country is, there will always be traces of spiritual healing if not all-out practicing of it; and it is and will continue to be a significant part of any healing process, large or small. We will write a custom essay on Spiritual Healing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are numerous names for spiritual healers, but for simplicitys sake and the fact that the concentration is on American Indian Medicine, all spiritual healers will be lumped together as Shaman unless otherwise specified. This does not mean that all healers will hold the same beliefs, or that a particular belief is not even held by a group known as Shamans, but rather a different type of healer. The grouping is just so that a detailed and confusing explaination of all the subsections of healers. If necessary, there will be specifications. Again , for clarification, definitions are provided to clear up any confusion. A Shaman is a person anchored securely in both the physical world and the spiritual realm a mediator if you will(Shamanism 1). Therefore, Shamanism is a way of life revolving around interaction of the spiritual and physical worlds(Shamanism).The Shaman does not solely exist as other humans do; they lead a totally different life in conjunction with their earthly duties within their tribe. The two are not separate by any means; one has direct impact on the other, or so it is believed by those who study this form of healing. Mr. Mircea Eliade voiced the idea of one (wo)man wearing so many hats at one time: For, of course, the shaman is also a magician and a medicine man; he is believed to cure, like all doctors, and to perform miracles of the fakir type, like all magicians, whether primitive or modern. But beyond this, he is a psychopomp, and he may also be a priest, mystic, and poet(Shamanism). Illness, according to shamans, all begins on the spiritual plane(Griffin). If left unchecked, then the spiritual disturbance manifests itself as a physical malady. A large part of the healing process is to remove barriers within the body to allow the impurities to leave the body, and to incourage the body to heal itself. The energy is channeled through the healer from a higher source like a conductor into the patient and in turn the malevolent entity/ distur bance is pulled into the healer to get rid of, as described by a certified healer in witchcraft(Griffin). To remove the disturbance, different shamans have different techniques. However, the purpose is identical and the end result usually come out about the same frequency of success to failures. There are countless documentations of a shaman sucking an evil spirit from the body of the affected person. Depending on the shamans particular style, the spirit may be spat out in the form of saliva or a small mass, sometimes with blood on it(Vogel 16). Along those same lines, bitter medicines are administered to the patient in order to make the body an unpleasant living environment for the evil being and so it will leave(16). Other times, the ill-stricken person is not possessed by an evil spirit, but rather, has a disturbance on the spiritual plane. This usually is the result of an emotional imbalance within the body and can be mended fairly easily. Rattles, drums, and singing are thought to help restabilize the imbalance by first disrupting the harmony of the imbalance, removing it, and refilling the empty space with compatible vibrations(16). The energy used to refill the area cleaned of the imbalance acts as a spiritual scar tissue and mends the fragmented ends together. .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .postImageUrl , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:hover , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:visited , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:active { border:0!important; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:active , .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49a809269048a820a59c12e3e317f7ad:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Light: A Fundamental Force In Our World EssayThere are many other forms of spiritual healing designed to help regain the balance of someone who is ill. During an interview with a spiritual healer from the Witchcraft religion, other types of procedures were described: Auric therapy, dealing with the flow of the aura; aromatic therapy that uses different scents to invoke healing; chromatic and hydro-chromatic, which is the use of colors and water colors, respectively as therapy, and medicinal herbalism. There is also a therapy style called raki-healing, which is the actions most think of when they mentally picture a spiritual healer. It is a combination of channeling energy and massage. There was an opportunity to experience this particular type of healing during the interview. In order to do what they do, shaman must not confine themselves to the physical world. Sometimes, mostly, the soul leaves the body to ascend into the sky to visit the heavens or down into the earth to the underworld. This is called a Shamanistic Flight one when the shaman travels beyond the limitations of the physical body(Global 1). In addition to traveling to other worlds, Shamans also enlist the help of different fetishes. These fetishes are believed in some circles to provide the Shaman with his/ her healing power. The fetishes are representations of the animal spirit medicine men( Magic 267). Combining the two, there is an act called a parashamanistic technique.There are actually four of them; all involve direct intercourse with the supernatural world. However, only one is characterized by the spirit-possession trance. In this trance, the healing spirit takes over the shama ns body(194). There are innumerable ways to be chosen to be a shaman: near-death experience, a mental calling, have a tendency, etc. Those are just some of the most common. The common thread throughout is that once (s)he has been chosen, they must be trained. There are special taboos that must be learned in order to become a shaman, but not all of these teachings hold constant through the different tribes.For instance, there are several taboos concerning eating; forbidden to eat outside and cannot eat head, heart, intestines, or liver of an animal(Magic 194). Some tribes have their young shaman refrain from sexual relations, although other cultures allow marriages. It is even accepted in other tribes that the shaman be a transvestite, marry a man that has a wife, do wife jobs as well as be a shaman, and have homosexual relations. There is also a secret vocabulary of the shaman that must be learned and special techniques concerning their function within society(194). Once they have been trained in all the ways of the Shaman, then it is then time for the novice shaman to receive the paraphinalia of the trade. There is precious little the shaman actually needs to perform his task. From his parents, he receives a headdress and a belt( Magic 194). From the instructor, the young Shaman receives his first tunraq (this is an Eskimo custom). A tunraq is a protective spirit to watch over the shaman and to help him with his needs. Additional tunraqs can be given by other shaman for some service done for another, or by following the spirits on volition(194). This young shaman, though his training, went through several levels of mental suffering and trance in order to arrive at a new normality and reintegration into the society he was isolated from for years(Gelfund 132). this pain authenticates the young shamans contact with the spirit world(132). There is so much talk of the shaman going away to learn, going away to heal, that one might forget that the shaman are an integral part of the community. They concentrate mainly on curing the ill and rainmaking rather than getting involved in the government of the tribe. They are, however, looked to for advice for the leadership of the community. This is because one of the role of a shaman is to be a guardian of the well-being of the tribe, ensuring continuing fertility and health(Magic 264). Then again, shaman do not rely totally on the spiritual realm for healing. They learn considerable knowledge in first aid and herbal cures for natural diseases. This means that they do not lack empirical knowledge (knowledge gathered from trial and error) and experimental technique(264). Shaman use both learned knowledge and spiritual knowledge to cure those that they come in contact with. Even the interaction between three components of a healing patient, shaman, and public made a considerable difference in the healing. This is called the Shamanistic Complex(Magic 35). The Shaman undergoes specific states of a psychosomatic nature, the sick person who may or may not experience improvement in their condition, and the public, which is experiencing an enthusiasm and intellectual and emotional satisfaction, which provides collective support(35). This support perpetuates shamanistic healings, and starts the cycle all over again. .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .postImageUrl , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:hover , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:visited , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:active { border:0!important; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:active , .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7 .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uddf1389c84c83f14bf0b50368135d0b7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gilded Age EssayThe whole process of healing, whether modern medicine or alternative, comes out as being at least in part spiritual healing. The theme of having healers come and remove beings from an ill body, or smooth out an imbalance is a constantly reoccurring theme in the medicinal practices of every primitive religion and society. Still, there are distinct traces left in modern culture that suggest there is something more than primitive, uncivilized superstition. Works CitedGelfund, Michael. Witch Doctor. New York: Fredrick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers, 1964. 132-33. Griffin, Michelle. Personal Interview. 18 November 1997. Magic, Witchcraft, and Curing. Ed. John Middleton. Garden City, New York: The Natural History Press, 1967. Vogel, Virgil J. American Indian Medicine. Oklahoma University: Oklahoma University Press, 1973. Shamanism: a definition of sorts. Earth Dance Society. n. pag. Online. Internet. 17 Nov. 1997. What is Shamanism?. Global Spirituality. 1.1 Online. Internet. 17 Nov. 1997Miscellaneous